#@sieung

[isachaes]

every month of 2024!

rules: link your favourite and/or most popular post from each month of the year <3 (it's totally fine to skip months!)

tagged by the amazing @somenights

okay im including sideblogs since i gif more on those... </3

~january~ favorite: chaeryeong untouchable 240112 most popular: yeji 240113 ending fairy

~february~ favorite: stayc bubble 230825 most popular: yunjin's messy hair

~march~ favorite: stayc 230831 most popular: stacy fancy cover

~april~ favorite: kyujin weekly idol ep. 648 most popular: haewon weekly idol ep. 648

~may~ favorite and most popular: karina amazing saturday ep. 315

~june~ favorite: cheeky icy thang teaser most popular: yves on her way to music bank

~july~ favorite: these two 240707 stayc stages most popular: cheeky icy thang mv

~august~ favorite and most popular: stayc cheeky icy thang 240712 honorable mention: stayc cheeky 1 thing 240712 (gosh this makes me miss making 3x3 gif sets...)

~september~ favorite and most popular: stayc cheeky icy thang 240713 (think im sensing a trend here)

~october~ favorite: itzy imaginary friend mv (honorable mention: stayc cheeky icy thang 240719) most popular: haneul igloo show champion fancam

~november~ (really liked my gifs this month...) favorite: triples hit the floor mv and stayc gpt mv <3 most popular: sana x jihyo guess my strategy album trailer ~december~ favorite: saerom x supersonic era and natty x sticky era :) most popular: stayc gpt 241102

tagging @originalvisual @kissofslife @sieung @run2u @bu99erfly (hope it is okay that i tagged yall, no pressure ofc !!)

[gaysonlyocean]

Pls hime lugs i sieung

dw sillys on it youll be.... ok ig

[oaxhaikyuu]

UNAME: @sieung

NAME: Sereia Elara Callidora

DOB: 1st August 2001

[5oobin]

finally put together a gg blog which u can find at @sieung ⭐

[444names]

cambodian names BUT excluding "h"

Andr Antoun Arim Ariss Aromao Baem Baeng Banamporn Bandr Batta Beerring Beerry Beers Beng Born Boueng Bouer Bouk Boulav Boung Bour Bourn Bous Bouy Bung Buos Canary Candr Cannim Darey Daros Davon Denem Deng Ding Doma Doueng Doun Dukeoun Duongin Duongsey Duot Duoys Eakkley Ealun Eanna Earideng Eary Easok Ienary Iendr Ieun Ieung Ieur Ieurp Ievara Ingoung Ivon Jang Jankri Jann Jannat Jayan Jayasor Jeney Jeng Jingim Jung Kaidy Kain Kallisot Kalun Kalung Kana Kann Kanrom Keak Keann Keas Keng Keoun Kimol Kirajen Korng Kortes Kosam Koum Koun Kour Koys Kridy Kung Kuon Kuong Kuorn Kuorna Lain Lamoul Lang Lann Lavann Lavy Leamoeun Liem Lien Ling Lisna Listnak Liya Liyandray Liyanny Liyat Liyattim Loeun Loeurnak Lonikang Lorea Lorearn Makar Makklean Makrin Mampov Mandr Mang Manne Mannem Maok Marisen Maritim Maro Mary Meanna Meanneann Mearat Meav Menget Mlim Mling Mliv Mlivong Moeu Momia Mong Mouangoy Moun Moung Mout Mungov Mungset Munna Muon Muos Muosaly Naek Naen Nakk Nakri Namborn Namrom Nara Naroeu Narri Neakry Neat Neous Nerry Neryas Nettana Ngeari Ngimol Ngsem Ngvon Nika Nimoeun Nivoeun Noeun Nonguorn Nonim Nopo Norm Norn Norouk Noueng Noul Noulam Nounn Nouren Nous Nuong Nuongim Nuos Oeung Omampoy Omap Ongim Orny Otpeanda Oulaing Ourm Ovan Ovanat Pana Pann Pannarov Peam Peandra Peap Pear Ping Pisarat Pisnat Pistna Poem Poeun Poeung Porn Pouan Pouers Pouy Poys Prang Prataing Prattat Prea Prear Prem Pret Prey Prou Proueng Prov Prun Prung Prungim Prungov Rajeng Raka Rang Rattai Rattaulat Rean Reang Reann Reanna Reanrot Reap Rearay Reary Reavy Riam Ridara Ridarn Ridy Riendray Rieun Ringuon Risey Rison Roda Rodav Roeu Rouanniv Roub Roun Rounnakng Rour Rourn Rovay Rung Sakk Saly Sambang Sambat Samboun Samea Samey Samol Sampel Sampoeurm Samren Samrisey Samronim Sanly Sanna Sannaray Saok Sara Sari Sarisen Sarntry Saryna Sata Satain Satangsey Savara Seou Seous Seret Serrisok Serry Sida Sidy Siem Sieun Sieung Sievy Sila Silav Silay Silonim Silov Sisai Sisam Sisek Siseou Sivoem Sivoeun Sivon Sivong Sivor Soda Soeu Soeub Soeum Somary Songov Songoy Sonim Sopeav Sopen Sopeng Sopeoung Sortep Sotpei Sotpel Sotpen Sotpeng Soub Sous Sowat Sreakklea Sreamrian Sreap Sreara Srem Srendary Srendray Sret Srom Srongset Srum Srung Suket Sukva Sukvan Sukvann Sukvay Suorn Suoy Surem Surp Sury Svan Taidy Tain Tandr Tangvong Tann Teak Teakklek Teal Teang Teap Teas Teat Terea Tereap Terey Terrin Ters Terynary Tevay Tieun Tilong Tiloun Timom Tiya Toang Toann Topoem Toub Toum Toung Tour Trea Trisey Trit Tuong Tuos Tuot Ungsek Vana Vanda Vangoy Vannaeng Vannam Vannat Vanroeun Vara Varit Varna Vary Vean Veanda Veap Veat Veavy Vendary Ving Visamrey Visery Visim Visna Viss Voeung Voeury Vonim Voren Vorng Wing Yasna Yasnam Yeang Ying Yingear Yivoeun Yoeung Yoeury Yosam Youl Youn Young Yourn Yung

[friendship-korea-japan]

7.1.1. Relationship with France

Question 7: Modernization of Korea and its obstruction › 1. Beginning of the rule by Daewongun › 1. Relationship with France

Click here for table of contents

Question 7: Modernization of Korea and its obstruction

  The way of thinking and the reality of Korean people in the final years of the Joseon era are reflected in the measures taken against the pressure from other countries to open the country as well as the moves inside Korea. That is why we would like to study them in order to understand the real state of Korea.

7.1. Beginning of the rule by Daewongun

  Below is a summary of the essential parts from pp. 3-4 of “Chapter 1, Opening and Modernization of Korea” in Korean History II.

[In December 1863, King Cheoljong died. As all his princes had already died young, the second son of Heungseongun Sieung was enthroned as successor. That was King Gojong (in office between 1863 and 1907). […] As Gojong was still young, Queen Shinjeong governed the country in his name (by getting involved in decision-making]; however, the king’s father, Heungseongun, took control of power by exercising royal authority in his place, receiving the honorific title of Daewongun.

  After gaining power, Daewongun tried to establish his political foundations rapidly. The first measure he took toward the members of the Andong Kim Clan in the Noron faction consisted of deepening cooperation with the Kim Byeong-hak and Byeong-guk brothers, who were the nephews of Kim Mun-geun, father of Queen Cheoljong (Queen Cheorin), while reducing the power of Kim Jwa-geun and Kim Byeong-gi, who were respectively the son and grandson of Kim Jo-sun (father of Queen Sunwon, wife of King Sunjo; he took control of power in 1806).

[…]

  The second was to strengthen the position of the Seon faction in the royal family and to promote their appointment to the key positions.

[…]

  Third, he actively recruited those belonging to the Southerners and the Northerners, which were small and weak factions.  

[…]

  Fourth, he improved the status of military officials and increasingly promoted them to posts in the upper levels of government. […]

  Daewongun united various forces and exercised power in a peremptory manner by strengthening the foundation of the administration. As a result of long-term control of power, the Daewongun faction (composed of parts of the Southerners, Northerners, and Soron factions), which pledged alliance to Daewongun, was formed.]

  This was how Daewongun took control of politics in Korea, embarked on reform of the administration system, pardoned and restored the honor of those who had been convicted, and reinforced royal authority by showing that the king was the most powerful person, through implementing reconstruction work on Gyeongbokgung Palace and so on.

  Below are quotations of essential points describing the policies taken by the Daegunwon Administration from pp. 117-118 of “Chapter 7. Heungseon Daewongun resolutely performed reform” in History Textbook of Korea.

[First, Heungseon Daewongun recruited officials regardless of faction. Next, he weakened the forces of the Sedo families by largely reducing the functions of the Border Defense Council (Bibyeonsa).Alternatively, he revived the function of the State Council of Joseon (Uijeonbu) and set up the Three Armies Headquarter (Samgunbu) to separately administer political and military affairs. In addition, he compiled such codes of law as Daejeon Chongtong and Yukjeon Jorye, reflecting the great social and economic change in the latter period of the Joseon era.

  At the same time, he redeveloped the Military Training Command (Hullyeondogam) and reinforced the navy to avoid possible invasion by foreign navies. […]

  In parallel with the political reform, Daewongun also proceeded to reform the three fields of administration which constituted the major cause of rebellions by peasants. First, he tried to identify the lands secretly owned by the Yangbans and local clans, and he also carried out land survey in some regions.

[…]

  From the beginning of his rule, Daewongun was interested in the Seowons (academies of classical learning). This was because local clans used Seowons as their stronghold without paying taxes, a situation that caused political conflicts. In 1865, he ordered the closure of Mandongmyo, which had aroused many problems as the stronghold of the Noron faction, and in 1868 he decided to oblige Seowons to pay taxes. In 1871, among more than 600 Seowons nationwide, he closed all but 47. The elimination of Seowons reduced the tyranny of local clans and contributed to the stability of national finance and people’s lives.

Daewongun judged it most important for the royal family to recover its dignity to make such reforms successful. For that purpose, he rebuilt Gyeongbokgung Palace and also restored Uijeonbu, Six Ministries and Offices, the Capital Castle and Bukhan Mountain Fortress.

[…]

  However, the situation changed, as large-scale civil engineering works required enormous cost and labor. The “requested payment” changed its character from voluntary donation to compulsory levy, and the passage tax that needed to be paid when entering the capital was quite a burden. Dangbaekjeon coins, whose substantial value was different from the nominal value, were issued, causing terrible confusion in distribution and economy. There was a lack of timber and forests in the cemeteries were cut down, provoking increasing complaints among the Yangbans and ordinary people.]

  We can see that Daewongun put into practice various programs to reform the regime of Korea. That was what former rulers had not been able to do, and people hoped for the successful reform of the Joseon regime. However, he made a fatal error in provoking hatred among the members of the Yangban class through the abolition of the Seowons, for example, as well as by conducting the large-scale works at a rapid pace.

  7.1.1. Relationship with France

  Continuing, below are quoted several passages from pp. 120-121, “Chapter 8, Western disturbance following Korea’s rejection of commerce and amity” in History Textbook of Korea.

[In addition to internal reform, Heungseon Daewongun was deeply interested in moves by Western superpowers. In particular, he was vigilant against Russia, which was expanding its power in northeastern Asia. To prepare against future Russian expansion toward the south, he tried to use French Catholic missionaries to side with France.

 The anti-Daewongun forces took advantage of this situation to strongly criticize him.

　[…]

  As the negotiations with France did not work well, the Korean government refused the requests by the Westerners to start trade and carried out the large-scale oppression of Catholics from spring 1866 (Byeongin persecution). More than 8,000 Catholics and nine French missionaries were executed.

  Using this incident as a pretext, France dispatched its army in order to force the Joseon dynasty to conclude a treaty of commerce. The French Eastern Fleet based in China dispatched over 1,000 soldiers on seven battleships to attack Korea (Byeongin yangyo). In late September 1866, the French forces, after going up as far as Yanghwajin and conducting reconnaissance over Han River, blocked the mouth of Han River and attacked Ganghwa village in early October.

  The Korean armed forces stopped the French troops, which were advancing from Munjusan Fortress toward Seoul, by strengthening defenses along Han River. The Korean army, led by Yang Heonsu, fought with the French troops, and imparted great damage on them at Jeongjoksan Fortress. Faced with stubborn resistance by the Korean forces, the French troops withdrew from Ganghwa Island on November 11. At that time, the French forces took away gold and silver as well as  the books kept in the Outer Kyujanggak Library.]

   By repelling the French attack in this way, it seems the Korean people became confident that they could expel the Western forces.