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gnosticgnoob · 5 years ago

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Variations on a Theme: "The Weird vs The Quantifiable" -- Aggregated Commentary from within the Gutenberg Galaxy

The pursuit of examining the world through philosophy, mathematics, and science tends to be seen as expanding the borders of what is known and quantified, conquering the territory of what is not yet known. In this pursuit, the investigator encounters wonder or the "weird", and what ideologically separates some philosophers and scientists from others is whether the investigator sets aside the weird as a misunderstood quirk of what is not yet known but still knowable, or the investigator takes into account the weird as a fundamental, permanent attribute of the landscape of inquiry that may perhaps always represent factors which intrinsically and inescapably evade knowledge and literary explanation, not as a bug of our understanding but as a feature of the true ontological state of affairs. The former mindset supposes that with more time and rigor, our inquiry will finally arrive at a sort of epistemological/ontological "bedrock" that dispels any sense of the bizarre, the latter treats scientific inquiry itself as necessitating the injection of a sort of subjective poetry or play to adequately do justice to the full reality of what is observed and described for our purposes, without ever expecting that we will hit such bedrock. Materialism/scientism perhaps would posit that any inclusion of the mystical or poetic in the language we use to describe the world is inappropriate, pseudo-scientific, pseudo-intellectual, or maladaptive; the mystic posits conversely that to exclude the poetic and not make room for the weird is maladaptive.

I have here a collection of excerpts from other thinkers that I think work together to allude to the mystical as a permanent fixture of our endeavors for clarification through experimentation and language, or at least suggest that a more "mystical" mindset will always be more useful than one that is conversely more in the vein of materialism/scientism trying to arrive at a "final technical vocabulary":

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“We say the map is different from the territory. But what is the territory? Operationally, somebody went out with a retina or a measuring stick and made representations which were then put on paper. What is on the paper map is a representation of what was in the retinal representation of the man who made the map; and as you push the question back, what you find is an infinite regress, an infinite series of maps. The territory never gets in at all. […] Always, the process of representation will filter it out so that the mental world is only maps of maps, ad infinitum.” --Gregory Bateson, English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields. His writings include Steps to an Ecology of Mind (1972) and Mind and Nature (1979). In Palo Alto, California, Bateson and colleagues developed the double-bind theory of schizophrenia. Bateson's interest in systems theory forms a thread running through his work. He was one of the original members of the core group of the Macy conferences in Cybernetics (1941- 1960), and the later set on Group Processes (1954 - 1960), where he represented the social and behavioral sciences; he was interested in the relationship of these fields to epistemology.

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“The mind is somehow a co-creator in the process of reality through acts of language. Language is very, very mysterious. It is true magic. People run all over the place looking for paranormal abilities, but notice that when I speak if your internal dictionary matches my internal dictionary, that my thoughts cross through the air as an acoustical pressure wave and are reconstructed inside your cerebral cortex as your thought. Your understanding of my words. Telepathy exists; it is just that the carrier wave is small mouth noises.” --Terence McKenna, "Eros And The Eschaton". McKenna was called the "Timothy Leary of the '90s", an American ethnobotanist, mystic, psychonaut, lecturer, author, and an advocate for the responsible use of naturally occurring psychedelic plants. He spoke and wrote about a variety of subjects, including psychedelic drugs, plant-based entheogens, shamanism, metaphysics, alchemy, language, philosophy, culture, technology, environmentalism, and the theoretical origins of human consciousness. -------------------------------------

“If quantum mechanics hasn’t profoundly shocked you, you haven’t understood it yet. Everything we call real is made of things that cannot be regarded as real.” --Niels Bohr, Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although the Bohr model has been supplanted by other models, its underlying principles remain valid. He conceived the principle of complementarity: that items could be separately analysed in terms of contradictory properties, like behaving as a wave or a stream of particles. -------------------------------------

“We have to remember that what we observe is not nature herself, but nature exposed to our method of questioning.” --Werner Heisenberg, German theoretical physicist known for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics for the creation of quantum mechanics. He also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles, and he was instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe. -------------------------------------

“We have no right to assume that any physical laws exist, or if they have existed up to now, that they will continue to exist in a similar manner in the future.” --Max Planck, German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory; the discovery of Planck's constant enabled him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants upon which much of quantum theory is based. -------------------------------------

“There is no such thing as philosophy-free science; there is only science whose philosophical baggage is taken on board without examination.” --Daniel Dennett, American philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. A member of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, he is referred to as one of the "Four Horsemen of New Atheism", along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens. -------------------------------------

“Things themselves become so burdened with attributes, signs, allusions that they finally lose their own form. Meaning is no longer read in an immediate perception, the figure no longer speaks for itself; between the knowledge which animates it and the form into which it is transposed, a gap widens. It is free for the dream.” --Michel Foucault, French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. His thought has influenced academics, especially those working in communication studies, anthropology, sociology, cultural studies, literary theory, feminism, and critical theory. Though often cited as a post-structuralist and postmodernist, Foucault rejected these labels. -------------------------------------

“When the mind projects names and concepts on what is seen through direct perception, confusion and delusion result.” --Patanjali, sage in Hinduism, thought to be the author of a number of Sanskrit works. The greatest of these are the Yoga Sutras, a classical yoga text. -------------------------------------

“The man who says that he has no illusions has at least that one.” --Joseph Conrad, Under Western Eyes (1911). Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language. Conrad wrote stories and novels, many with a nautical setting, that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of what he saw as an impassive, inscrutable universe. Heart of Darkness is among is most famous works. Conrad is considered an early modernist, though his works contain elements of 19th-century realism. His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced numerous authors, and many films have been adapted from, or inspired by, his works. Numerous writers and critics have commented that Conrad's fictional works, written largely in the first two decades of the 20th century, seem to have anticipated later world events. -------------------------------------

“I learned very early the difference between knowing the name of something and knowing something.” --Richard P. Feynman, American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public as a member of the commission that investigated the Challenger shuttle disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. -------------------------------------

“The critical ontology of ourselves has to be considered not, certainly, as a theory, a doctrine, nor even as a permanent body of knowledge that is accumulating; it has to be conceived as an attitude, an ethos, a philosophical life in which the critique of what we are is at one and the same time the historical analysis of the limits that are imposed on us and an experiment with the possibility of going beyond them.” --Michel Foucault -------------------------------------

“In mystical literature such self-contradictory phrases as ‘dazzling obscurity,’ 'whispering silence,’ 'teeming desert,’ are continually met with. They prove that not conceptual speech, but music rather, is the element through which we are best spoken to by mystical truth. Many mystical scriptures are indeed little more than musical compositions. “He who would hear the voice of Nada, 'the Soundless Sound,’ and comprehend it, he has to learn the nature of Dharana…. When to himself his form appears unreal, as do on waking all the forms he sees in dreams, when he has ceased to hear the many, he may discern the ONE—the inner sound which kills the outer…. For then the soul will hear, and will remember. And then to the inner ear will speak THE VOICE OF THE SILENCE…. And now thy SELF is lost in SELF, THYSELF unto THYSELF, merged in that SELF from which thou first didst radiate.… Behold! thou hast become the Light, thou hast become the Sound, thou art thy Master and thy God. Thou art THYSELF the object of thy search: the VOICE unbroken, that resounds throughout eternities, exempt from change, from sin exempt, the seven sounds in one, the VOICE OF THE SILENCE. Om tat Sat.” (H.P. Blavatsky, The Voice of the Silence). These words, if they do not awaken laughter as you receive them, probably stir chords within you which music and language touch in common. Music gives us ontological messages which non-musical criticism is unable to contradict, though it may laugh at our foolishness in minding them. There is a verge of the mind which these things haunt; and whispers therefrom mingle with the operations of our understanding, even as the waters of the infinite ocean send their waves to break among the pebbles that lie upon our shores.” --William James, Varieties of Religious Experience. American philosopher and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States. James was a leading thinker of the late nineteenth century, one of the most influential U.S. philosophers, and has been labeled the "Father of American psychology". Along with Charles Sanders Peirce, James established the philosophical school known as pragmatism. James also developed the philosophical perspective known as radical empiricism. James' work has influenced intellectuals such as Émile Durkheim, W. E. B. Du Bois, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Hilary Putnam, and Richard Rorty, as well as former US President Jimmy Carter. -------------------------------------

“Metaphysical assertions, however, are statements of the psyche, and are therefore psychological. … Whenever the Westerner hears the word ‘psychological’, it always sounds to him like ‘only psychological.’” --Carl Jung, “Psyche and Symbol”. Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. Jung's work was influential in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy, and religious studies. Jung worked as a research scientist at the famous Burghölzli hospital, during which time he came to the attention of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. The two men conducted a lengthy correspondence and collaborated, for a while, on a joint vision of human psychology. Among the central concepts of analytical psychology is individuation—the lifelong psychological process of differentiation of the self out of each individual's conscious and unconscious elements, a process which Jung considered to be the main task of human development. He created some of the best known psychological concepts, including synchronicity, archetypal phenomena, the collective unconscious, the psychological complex, and extraversion and introversion. -------------------------------------

“God is a psychic fact of immediate experience, otherwise there would never have been any talk of God. The fact is valid in itself, requiring no non-psychological proof and inaccessible to any form of non-psychological criticism. It can be the most immediate and hence the most real of experiences, which can be neither ridiculed nor disproved.” --Carl Jung -------------------------------------

“Daniel C. Dennett defines religions at the beginning of his Breaking the Spell as ‘social systems whose participants avow belief in a supernatural agent or agents whose approval is to be sought,’ which as far as Christianity goes is rather like beginning a history of the potato by defining it as a rare species of rattlesnake…. He also commits the blunder of believing that religion is a botched attempt to explain the world, which is like seeing ballet as a botched attempt to run for a bus.” --Terry Eagleton, Reason, Faith, and Revolution. British literary theorist, critic, and public intellectual, Eagleton has published over forty books, but remains best known for Literary Theory: An Introduction (1983). The work elucidated the emerging literary theory of the period, as well as arguing that all literary theory is necessarily political.

#occult #scientism #mysticism #esoterica #philosophy

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socialwicked · 2 years ago

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Particle Physicists Puzzle Over a New Duality

After discovered, these inscrutable principles have assisted particle physicists compute scattering amplitudes at significantly bigger degrees of precision than they could realize with the traditional strategy. The restructuring also allowed Dixon and his collaborators to spot the hidden relationship concerning the two seemingly unrelated scattering amplitudes.

Antipode Map

At the heart of the duality is the “antipode map.” In geometry, an antipode map requires a point on a sphere and inverts the coordinates, sending you straight as a result of the sphere’s center to a point on the other side. It is the mathematical equal of digging a hole from Chile to China.

In scattering amplitudes, the antipode map that Dixon identified is a little bit much more abstract. It inverts the get of the letters utilised to determine the amplitude. Utilize this antipode map to all the conditions in the scattering amplitude for two gluons turning into four, and (just after a easy improve of variables) this yields the amplitude for two gluons turning out to be 1 gluon moreover a Higgs.

In Dixon’s DNA analogy, the duality is like looking through a genetic sequence backward and noticing that it encodes a thoroughly new protein unrelated to the one particular encoded by the original sequence.

“We all utilized to be persuaded that the antipode map was ineffective. It did not appear to be to have any actual physical significance, or to do nearly anything meaningful,” explained Matt von Hippel , an amplitude specialist at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen who was not concerned in the investigation. “And now there is this entirely inexplicable duality working with it, which is fairly wild.”

Not Fairly Our Entire world

There are now two major questions. Initial, why does the duality exist? And second, will a identical link be found to maintain in the genuine globe?

The 17 regarded elementary particles that comprise our earth abide by a established of equations called the Standard Product of particle physics . According to the Conventional Product, two gluons, the massless particles that glue together atomic nuclei, effortlessly interact with each individual other to double their own range, turning out to be four gluons. Having said that, to produce one gluon and 1 Higgs particle, colliding gluons will have to initially morph into a quark and an antiquark these then completely transform into a gluon and a Higgs by way of a distinct pressure than the just one governing gluons’ mutual interactions.

These two scattering procedures are so diverse, with 1 involving an solely unique sector of the Common Model, that a duality among them would be pretty shocking.

But the antipodal duality is also unpredicted even in the simplified product of particle physics that Dixon and his colleagues have been learning. Their toy design governs fictional gluons with extra symmetries, which help far more precise calculations of scattering amplitudes. The duality back links a scattering approach involving these gluons and 1 that calls for an exterior interaction with particles explained by a different principle.

Dixon thinks he has a extremely tenuous clue about in which the duality arrives from.

Remember individuals inexplicable policies located by Volovich and her colleagues that dictate which combinations of phrases are permitted in a scattering amplitude. Some of the rules appear to be to arbitrarily limit which letters can look subsequent to every single other in the two-gluon-to-gluon-plus-Higgs amplitude. But map those guidelines in excess of to the other facet of the duality, and they completely transform into a established of very well-proven policies that be certain causality—guaranteeing that the interactions in between incoming particles manifest right before the outgoing particles show up.

For Dixon, this is a small hint at a deeper physical link amongst the two amplitudes, and a explanation to think a thing equivalent could maintain in the Normal Model. “But it is quite weak,” he claimed. “It’s like secondhand details.”

Other dualities between disparate physical phenomena have previously been observed. The Adverts-CFT correspondence, for illustration, in which a theoretical environment devoid of gravity is dual to a world with gravity, has fueled hundreds of investigation papers considering that its 1997 discovery. But this duality, much too, only exists for a gravitational globe with a warped geometry not like that of the genuine universe. Even now, for a lot of physicists, the point that many dualities pretty much keep in our planet hints that they could be scratching the area of an all-encompassing theoretical structure in which these stunning connections are manifest. “I consider they’re all portion of the story,” stated Dixon.

Initial story reprinted with authorization from Quanta Magazine , an editorially independent publication of the Simons Foundation whose mission is to enrich public comprehension of science by masking investigate developments and developments in mathematics and the actual physical and everyday living sciences.

https://socialwicked.com/particle-physicists-puzzle-over-a-new-duality/

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mcathellcat · 7 years ago

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Electronic Structure

ORBITAL STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN ATOM, PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n), NUMBER OF ELECTRONS PER ORBITAL

An orbital is a three dimensional description of the most likely location of an electron around an atom. Each electron in an atom is described by four different quantum numbers. The first three (n, l, ml) specify the particular orbital of interest, and the fourth (ms) specifies how many electrons can occupy that orbital. 1. Principal Quantum Number (n): n = 1, 2, 3, …, ∞ Specifies the energy of an electron and the size of the orbital (the distance from the nucleus of the peak in a radial probability distribution plot). All orbitals that have the same value of n are said to be in the same shell (level). For a hydrogen atom with n=1, the electron is in its ground state; if the electron is in the n=2 orbital, it is in an excited state. The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n2. 2. Angular Momentum (Secondary, Azimunthal) Quantum Number (l): l = 0, ..., n-1. Specifies the shape of an orbital with a particular principal quantum number. The secondary quantum number divides the shells into smaller groups of orbitals called subshells(sublevels). 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml): ml = -l, ..., 0, ..., +l. Specifies the orientation in space of an orbital of a given energy (n) and shape (l). This number divides the subshell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons; there are 2l+1 orbitals in each subshell. Thus the s subshell has only one orbital, the p subshell has three orbitals, and so on. 4. Spin Quantum Number (ms): ms = +½ or -½. Specifies the orientation of the spin axis of an electron. An electron can spin in only one of two directions (sometimes called up and down).

GROUND STATE, EXCITED STATES

In a ground state configuration, all of the electrons are in as low an energy level as it is possible for them to be. When an electron absorbs energy, it occupies a higher energy orbital, and is said to be in an excited state.

ABSORPTION AND EMISSION LINE SPECTRA

If you fill a tube with an element in its gaseous form and run an electric current through it, the gas begins to glow with a color characteristic of that particular element. This happens because the electron has occupied a higher energy level. When an electron goes from a higher energy level back to a lower energy level, a photon of light is emitted. If this light is emitted by the gas and then passed through a prism, the light will be separated into its component wavelengths, revealing the element’s emission spectrum. Every element has a unique sequence of lines that correspond to specific wavelengths and energies.

USE OF PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

The Pauli exclusion principle (Wolfgang Pauli, Nobel Prize 1945) states that no two electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers. What this means is that no more than two electrons can occupy the same orbital, and that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins.

PARAMAGNETISM AND DIAGMAGNETISM

Because an electron spins, it creates a magnetic field, which can be oriented in one of two directions. For two electrons in the same orbital, the spins must be opposite to each other; the spins are said to be paired. These substances are not attracted to magnets and are said to be diamagnetic. Atoms with more electrons that spin in one direction than another contain unpaired electrons. These substances are weakly attracted to magnets and are said to be paramagnetic.

CONVENTIONAL NOTATION FOR ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE

BOHR ATOM

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford proposed the so-called planetary model of the atom. According to this model, every atom consists of a positively charged nucleus around which orbit negatively charged electrons like planets around stars. However, this model has one major flaw; if atoms obeyed the model, they would be extremely unstable because their electrons would radiate all of their energy as a result of constant acceleration and almost immediately fall into the nucleus.

In 1913, Niels Bohr came up with his own model of the atom. The Bohr model is greatly similar to the planetary model, however, Bohr specific three rules that must strictly be adhered to for the stability of atoms to be maintained: 1. Electrons orbit around the nucleus following circle-shaped orbitals without radiating light. 2. Orbitals are not located at an arbitrary distance from the nucleus, but purely on allowed energy levels that are multiples of the reduced Planck constant. 3. Electrons may jump from one orbital to another. When jumping from an orbital of lower energy to a high energy one, an electron absorbs a quantum of light. In contrast, when jumping from a higher energy orbital to a lower one, an electron emits a quantum of light.

This model is not perfect and was replaced by a more accurate model - the quantum mechanical model. However, it still represents an important transition between classical and quantum mechanics.

HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that there are pairs of physical properties whose precise values cannot be known simultaneously. The more precisely we know one property, the more uncertainty there is about the other property. A famous example of this is momentum and position. The more accurately one knows about the position of a particle, the less information is known about its momentum.

EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE

The effective nuclear charge (often symbolized as Zeff or Z*) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. The term “effective” is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge.

The effective nuclear charge on an electron is given by the following equation: Zeff = Z – S; where Z is the number of protons in the nucleus (atomic number), and S is the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question (the number of nonvalence electrons).

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

The photoelectric effect refers to the emission, or ejection, of electrons from the surface of, generally, a metal in response to incident light. So if you were to shine the right frequency of light on a metal, you can actually knock off an electron that is attracted to that piece of metal. If this photon of light had enough energy, it could free the electron and would move in another direction with the velocity, v, and if our electron has the mass, m, then we can calculate the kinetic energy it has once it has been knocked off. The freed electron is now called a photoelectron. As mentioned before, the photon has a specific amount of energy, which we will call Ephoton , and the amount of energy needed to free the electron will be called E0 , it is also referred to as the work function. The mathematical representation of this would be the equation: Ephoton = E0 + KEphotoelectron . This video includes a great example and explanation on how to solve these types of problems.

A really important thing to remember is that the kinetic energy of the ejected electron does not depend on the intensity of the light. In other words, the kinetic energy depends on the energy of the individual photons, not how much total light there is.

#4e #PHY #GC #MCAT #MCAT review

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fluxsci · 7 years ago

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Elemental Flow - The Orbital Primer pt. 1 (4)

Image by Randall Munroe via xkcd

|| by matthew

This comic gave me a good laugh, despite not being directly related to quantum mechanical orbitals...

In any event, we are back again! I know how much you were looking forward (or perhaps dreading) this part. Well, if not looking forward to, perhaps still trying to reason how all of this is going on within every element in your body and facing a slight existential crisis. All I have to say, in that case, is to try not to worry about it, and, of course, prepare for another dive into the boundary of quantum mechanics and chemistry.

I, again, recommend that you check out the previous parts of the Elemental Flow series, especially Part 2. Familiarizing yourself with the quantum mechanics of electrons before this lesson will make this a smooth experience.

Quantum Numbers

What do the letters “s”, “p”, “d”, “f”, Aufbau, spin, and shapes have in common?

You might be scratching your head and wondering, “Why is he asking me this when I know he’s going to tell me.” And you’re right. Let’s break out our handy dandy…periodic table. And notebook, if you have one (I got you, 90s kids).

Image via Science Notes

Orbitals are organized according to their energy levels. Naturally, every element on the periodic table must exist at a separate energy state in nature than each other (otherwise, what you learned in Part 1 and Part 2 would be meaningless – electrons have no need to configure themselves in different ways if every atom exists at the same energy level). Therefore, there must be a different orbital for each element. And, indeed, there is. The periodic table shows that, at the bottom of each element, there is a different electron configuration for each element. This exclusivity in configuration is called the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

Attentive readers might have already noticed the letters at the bottom of the elements on the periodic table – “s”, “p”, “d”, and “f”.

These labels are only descriptors of one of four quantum numbers.

If you are lamenting the word “quantum” after Part 2 of the Elemental Flow series, don’t fret. A quantum number is a quantity within a quantum mechanical system. Since electrons are quantum mechanical systems, they hold specific quantities. That’s all.

Electrons have four such quantities. We call them the principal quantum number, or n, the orbital quantum number, or l, the magnetic quantum number, or m, and the spin quantum number, or s.

The Quantum Dive – Breaking the Shells

1) Principal Quantum Number (n)

The first, n, is the number that labels the energy level of an electron. Since we know, from Part 1, that the electrons with the lowest energy are the ones closest to the nucleus, we can tell that the lower the value of n, the lower the energy level. In chemistry, the energy level of an electron is described as its electron shell.

These shells are labeled from K to O starting from their innermost shell to their outermost shell, according to their principal quantum number. To be clear, an n of 1 is referred to as the K shell, n = 2 is L, n = 3 is M, n = 4 is N and n = 5 is O. While they do have this alphabetical label, when describing shells, more people recognize the numeric value of n. However, they can help you organize when we talk about the subsequent quantum numbers.

2) Orbital Quantum Number (l)

Next up, l. This quantum number tells about the orbital’s angular momentum, or the momentum brought about by rotation of electrons around some center – the nucleus.

Before I move on from here, I did want to explain this number more carefully.

For those familiar with astronomy, this quantum number is also called the azimuthal quantum number, as an azimuth is a certain angular measurement within a sphere.

Image via UOregon

Within our three-dimensional world, we can describe the position of anything in relation to anything else. As you can see, the azimuth and altitude give the direction of a star in this spherical system. North is usually used as the starting point for an angular calculation when comparing the horizontal position of a star and the altitude is given as angle from the observer in the center to the position on the sphere that the star is located.

But how does this relate to an electron? Take a look at this:

Image by tonfilm via vvvv

The observer is the nucleus, or, in this image, where the x, y, and z axes (representing each of our three dimensions) connect. The star is the point P, or the electron, with some x, y, and z coordinate. The angle between north, or the x-axis, and the point is defined as the azimuth. Lastly, the altitude angle would be the angle between the z-axis and the position of the point.

If the electron was just a point, or particle, then this would be a simple case of calculating the ordinary angular momentum.

But it isn’t just a particle, is it?

Image by Yuta Aoki via Wikimedia

The wave nature of electrons.

The angular momentum is harder to calculate in this system than it is in ordinary physics, due to the Wave-Particle Duality of the electron (discussed in Part 2). The electron is traveling quickly on a wave-like pattern. At any given time, we are unsure of where the electron may be. Instead of treating the electron like a particle, it is treated like a standing wave. More simply put, its wave functionality, constant and uninterrupted as it is, is used to determine its angular momentum. Therefore, the orbital angular momentum, is calculated completely differently than the classical angular momentum, which will be discussed when we reach the spin quantum number.

Perhaps the actual mathematics can be shown in a separate lesson if the interest is great enough? For now, recognize that, by solving this equation for the angular momentum, you receive non-negative integer values, or 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.

Aha! A new possibility reveals itself. If you were to believe that electrons were like their classical systems, you would probably say that it’s impossible for an object that’s moving to have 0 momentum. After all, if you’re walking down the street, you have momentum; how could an electron which is constantly revolving around the nucleus have 0 momentum? But quantum mechanically, a system with 0 angular momentum or, in other words, l = 0, simply orbits the nucleus in its wave-like pattern along the xy plane without any z altitude. The electron only has an azimuth, no altitude.

When I said in the last part that you had already learned about orbitals, this is what I meant. Because an electron orbiting the nucleus on an xy plane looks oddly familiar…

Image via Wikispaces

The Bohr Model of Hydrogen

Is that...? Why, yes it is! The Bohr Model! He did come up with the initial idea of orbitals. was that dastardly scientist was right!?

Not so fast.

First, let’s clean up this image. Since we’re not concerned with the electron’s decrease in energy state (like we were in part 2 when this was being explained), let’s look at the hydrogen atom at its lowest energy state.

Image via Chemistry LibreTexts

The electron is still on the n = 1 orbital and orbiting the nucleus like above. Only the n = 2 and n = 3 orbitals have been removed.

Bohr was only correct when it comes to things with one electron and an angular momentum of 0. This is because Bohr’s elementary model only observes the energy between the nucleus and the electrons only, not the energy created between the repulsion of electrons. The image above shows the only case in which the Bohr model is correct - with the hydrogen atom. Hydrogen only has one electron and its nucleus, meaning this fits Bohr’s model. Furthermore, as per the aforementioned Pauli Exclusion Principle, there are no other elements like hydrogen in nature.

To wrap up the second and most complicated quantum number, we make note of the fact that we can’t really know what the xy-axis is as it electrons see it.

To conceptualize what I’m saying, think of the image above as the wheels on a gyroscope.

Of course, in a quantum mechanical system, there is more discrete and fast motion, but this is a fantastic example. Now, if the revolving electron in the Bohr model was taking any of the wheels in the above gyroscope, you can understand why it would be hard to tell exactly where the electron would be, let alone where its x and y axes are.

But what you do know is that the electron is somewhere within the sphere made by the rotating gyroscope wheels.

This might sound familiar to you who remember or re-read Part 2 because this is the exact conclusion you derive from the Electron Cloud model that Schrodinger developed!

Image via Ask A Mathemtician/Physicist

I love it when science comes together...You gotta admit, that’s pretty cool.

With all of that said, the purpose of the orbital quantum number is to tell you the shape of the electron subshell. Like the principal quantum number, these have an alphabetical naming system too…and it’s one you’ve already seen! That is: s, p, d and f. l = 0 to l = 3 represents s to f. Unlike the principal quantum number, however, it is conventional to use s, p, d and f rather than the numeric orbital quantum number value.

With that said, if the principal quantum number, n, is equal to 1 and the orbital quantum number, l, is equal to 0, you have a 1s system, which is the electron configuration of the hydrogen atom (check the bottom of the hydrogen element on your periodic table).

Now, I think after all of that, it’s good to keep ourselves organized.

To recap, the principal atomic number tells us the electron shell or energy level of the element, and the orbital quantum number tells us the electron subshell. There can be multiple subshells in one shell. And each individual electron configuration is called an orbital.

Image by thomji via Chemistry Stack Exchange

3) Magnetic Quantum Number (m)

Before we wrap up with this image, there’s something important in it that will help you understand the magnetic quantum number.

You might have noticed above that there are three different p orbitals in the above image. That is due to the different ways an orbital can orient itself within space as the amount of electrons in the system increases. This is what Bohr did not account for in his model; when more electrons enter the system, in order to keep energy as low as possible, the system must orient itself differently within the three dimensions.

The magnetic quantum number is a handy way of telling us how many ways a subshell can orient itself. I say it’s handy because there’s a simple equation to tell you how.

For every value of l, there is a range of values of m from -l to l, including zero.

So, if our system is a d orbital, which is l = 2, there would be 5 ways the subshells could orient themselves, given by the m values -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2.

That’s all there is to that. See? Not so bad.

Intermission

Okay, okay. Break time. We don’t want to overcook your brains with chemistry and quantum theory. Fortunately, what we are going over is, theoretically, all there is to orbitals (without the droll mathematics, of course). And, as you already know, this leads to some amazing science. After all, after learning about electron shells, the next step can only be how elements combine to reduce energy even further!

Are you enjoying learning about how these microscopic particles work and seeing how something so complex can create something as simple as a drop of water and/or something as ubiquitous as air?

Let me know. I would love to talk science with you guys.

As always, thank you for joining me, and I will see you again very soon.

#elementalflow #flux #orbitals #scienceeducation #quantummechanics

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redpillinfowar · 7 years ago

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Before we start, I want to warn you, this is not going to be a short article by any means. I am going to include a lot of information in this post and so you might need to set aside a large swath of time or go through this in separate sessions. I have a lot to share and there is not a good way to share it in short format without losing the understanding of what I have to show you. So here we go…

First let us have a look at the government of the New World Order System: Transhuman Existence – Like it or not, if you want to be a part of the future New world Order, you must choose to become Transhuman.

Epigenetics & Transhumanism: Key To Immortality?

Epigenetics, the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself, seems to be the key that will unlock the success of the transhumanist goal of immortality. While I cannot provide an adept and expansive overview of this science as it pertains to the endgame of transhumanism in just one article, I can and will give you my personal observations on how I see this science being applied to transhumansim goals today as much as I can in the space allotted by your interest and my ability to retain your attention to this subject.

The powers and money gods behind this new science have decided that they will go to great lengths to attain their goal of immortality and they are not worried about the cost to you and me if we happen to get in their way. For one instance, lets have a closer look at radio frequencies and electromagnetism as a new form of manipulating gene expression. This is going to sound a little “Star Trek-ish” so try to bare with me. It may sound far out but this is an actual reality in our world today.

Let me preface this by explaining to you what I have learned in my studies of the electric universe and how it relates to God. No I am not going to try to explain to you how the electric universe model works, instead I give you my epiphany on God. As we know well from historical study and from Biblical insights, God is light. If you ascribe to the evolution model as the basis of the beginnings of mankind, you may not be able to understand this but try to follow along anyway because this is actually scientific in theoretical application.

As I studied and reasoned my existence I came to the understanding that God is light. When understanding the properties of light I came to realize that Einstein was correct in his understanding of matter to energy conversion and the reverse application of that theory . Matter is never destroyed but rather is converted to energy while the reverse is also true that energy when slowed down becomes solid in mass and thus transforms into matter. This is expressed in the observations of past researchers, “one of them being Niels Bohr, a Danish Physicist who made significant contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory“, who showed us how something as simple as your desk has it’s own unique “vibration”. In further study others have found that everything in our existence has a vibration. Wood, for example, vibrates at a specific frequency all it’s own which tells us that it is wood.

“If quantum mechanics hasn’t profoundly shocked you, you haven’t understood it yet. Everything we call real is made of things that cannot be regarded as real.” – Niels Bohr

At the turn of the nineteenth century, physicists started to explore the relationship between energy and the structure of matter. In doing so, the belief that a physical, Newtonian material universe that was at the very heart of scientific knowing was dropped, and the realization that matter is nothing but an illusion replaced it. Scientists began to recognize that everything in the Universe is made out of energy.

“Despite the unrivaled empirical success of quantum theory, the very suggestion that it may be literally true as a description of nature is still greeted with cynicism, incomprehension and even anger.” (T. Folger, “Quantum Shmantum”; Discover 22:37-43, 2001)

Quantum physicists discovered that physical atoms are made up of vortices of energy that are constantly spinning and vibrating, each one radiating its own unique energy signature. Therefore, if we really want to observe ourselves and find out what we are, we are really beings of energy and vibration, radiating our own unique energy signature -this is fact and is what quantum physics has shown us time and time again. We are much more than what we perceive ourselves to be, and it’s time we begin to see ourselves in that light. If you observed the composition of an atom with a microscope you would see a small, invisible tornado-like vortex, with a number of infinitely small energy vortices called quarks and photons. These are what make up the structure of the atom. As you focused in closer and closer on the structure of the atom, you would see nothing, you would observe a physical void. The atom has no physical structure, we have no physical structure, physical things really don’t have any physical structure! Atoms are made out of invisible energy, not tangible matter…

Source: — Nothing Is Solid & Everything Is Energy – Scientists Explain The World of Quantum Physics

Here is a very good explanation of Albert Einstein’s claim that “everything is vibration”.

This is related to epigenetics, radio frequency, electromagnetism, and the transhuman model. You see in realizing that we are also expressions of vibration in this world it is a given that all that we are is electric and this was how God spoke us, the world, and the universe into existence. I see you are now extremely confused. Let me explain. Remember that God is light, now remember light is also energy or an expression thereof. From energy we get light, magnetism, electric current and even sound or frequencies which also “vibrate”. Are you starting to understand yet?

When God breathed the universe, and you & me into existence, he spoke in the form of light and energy.

We are made of energy which vibrates at a specific frequency which in turn reflects light waves at specific frequencies to appear real in vision and feel (physical touch) to every other thing in our reality. What the transhumanist scientists and their satanic cohorts have discovered (or rather have been told by their buddies on the other side of the D-Wave dimensional communications portal) is that because we are physical expressions of energy, we can also be manipulated and changed by the same.

This is where epigenetics comes in, as I stated earlier epigenetics is “the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself”. In the past the transhumanists tried many different approaches to manipulate the human gene. I won’t go into the older techniques but rather a short synopsis of what they have tried; things like deep meditation, chemical alterations to the body via drugs or potions, religion, yoga, shock therapy, trauma based mind control, etc…

What they are finally now doing to affect the human gene is to manipulate the “gene expression”. Here is an excellent explanation of this process which actually comes from Wikipedia. Not usually a good source of info but sometimes they get it right.

Epigenetics are stable heritable traits (or “phenotypes“) that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence.[1] The Greek prefix epi- (ἐπι- “over, outside of, around”) in epigenetics implies features that are “on top of” or “in addition to” the traditional genetic basis for inheritance.[2] Epigenetics often refers to changes in a chromosome that affect gene activity and expression, but can also be used to describe any heritable phenotypic change that does not derive from a modification of the genome, such as prions. Such effects on cellular and physiological phenotypic traits may result from external or environmental factors, or be part of normal developmental program. The standard definition of epigenetics requires these alterations to be heritable,[3][4] either in the progeny of cells or of organisms.

The term also refers to the changes themselves: functionally relevant changes to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of mechanisms that produce such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of which alters how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Gene expression can be controlled through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. These epigenetic changes may last through cell divisions for the duration of the cell’s life, and may also last for multiple generations even though they do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism;[5] instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism’s genes to behave (or “express themselves”) differently.[6]

Here also is an explanation in plain English from

Because of the understanding that epigenetics can influence the gene expressions by causing chemical changes in the body without altering the DNA composition, current day scientists have now begun employing a science that Dr. Royal Raymond Rife knew about way back in 1934 to affect such changes. While the focus of Dr. Royal Raymond Rife’s machine had to do with the eradication of a virus via sympathetic vibration, we now know that sound and electromagnetic frequencies can also affect our genes in a way that facilitates “gene expression” as well.

Dr. Royal Raymond Rife had invented a machine that would emit a frequency to an area of the body which had been afflicted with a disease, in the case of his machine the disease of topic was/is cancer among other diseases as well, and the machine would then use that frequency to emit a “Sympathetic Vibration” or “Resonant Frequency”, that is a vibration matching the vibration of the disease or virus, which would literally cause the virus to shake apart and be destroyed without harming the surrounding tissue. This resonant frequency was referred to by Dr. Royal Raymond Rife as the “Mortal Oscillary Rate” of the disease or virus.

What is Sympathetic Vibration?

A vibration produced in one material (in our case cells and microbes) by the vibrations of the same frequency, or a harmonic multiple of that frequency, from a sound wave in contact with the object (in our case cells and microbes), by means of the air (in our case plasma tube) or an intervening material (in our case wires with metal pads). A common example of sympathetic vibration is to sound a tuning fork and bring it close to, but not touching, another fork of the same frequency. The second fork will then begin to vibrate sympathetically. If the forks are mounted on resonating boxes, the effect will be stronger and thus heard better. The same effect can be observed by shouting or singing near a set of undamped piano strings.In physics, vibration is commonly referred to as an oscillation – a movement, first in one direction and then back again in the opposite direction. You can observe this, for example, by striking the prongs of a tuning fork, or by plucking the string of a musical instrument. Sound is produced by the vibrations of a body that are transmitted through material media (air, for example) in waves of varying pressure. When a sound wave of one frequency strikes a surface, that surface will vibrate naturally at the same frequency. This is called sympathetic vibration. Any reinforcement (increase) of sound resulting from the sympathetic vibration is called resonance.Most construction materials have low resonant frequencies, so low frequency sounds can easily cause sympathetic vibrations in such structures. This is commonly experienced when bass notes of music penetrate walls and ceilings. At the other end of the frequency spectrum is the classically trained singer who is able to smash a wine glass, by finding its resonant frequency and attacking that pitch at full volume.

You can imagine how the American Medical Association felt about such competition and how it would affect their profits. Of course the AMA worked hard to destroy his invention and bury it as deep as they possibly could. They sicked Dr. Morris Fishbein of the AMA on Dr. Royal Raymond Rife to gain control of his invention. Once Dr. Royal Raymond Rife declined to “Sell Out” the AMA took further necessary steps through Dr. Morris Fishbein to ensure Dr. Royal Raymond Rife and his machine would simply “go away”.

Sources/Resources:

The Cure That Worked: 50 Years of Suppression by Barry Lynes – Amazon

Morris Fishbein – AMA Enemy of American Health – rense.com

Rife Therapies – Frequencies – rifetherapies.com

Rife.org

So now we are being told that epigenetics can not only cure diseases but it can be achieved through the use of resonant frequencies, RF, and Electromagnetism as well as of course diet and mental state of mind.

5G WiFi Control Grid Build-Out:

This is where 5G WiFi comes into play, not that it will be used for our good ultimately but it will be presented to the public in such fashion. The effects of 5G on the human body are said not to be well known yet. I believe that to be only partially true and I will tell you why that is when I get into the subject matter regarding TI’s or Targeted Individuals later on. For now let’s have a look at 5G WiFi. Remember, we are still on the subject of the government of the NWO so far…

Now, if you are going to understand the real reason behind the unlawful and unethical deployment of 5G WiFi without the public’s consent then you also need to understand the reason for the geoengineering programs and how they relate to Transhumanism which is now being implemented as a “Forced Evolution” on the world population at large. Geoengineering or as it is better known in pop culture “Chemtrails” is not what you are being told it is. The cover story you are being fed is only one aspect of the program. While they are trying to block out the sun with these trails that form artificial clouds in our skies, there is a very real nefarious side to this program.

That is the delivery of bio-nano-particulates into the environment for all of humanity to breathe in and or ingest as well as absorb through the skin. These nano-particulates contain all the necessary building blocks for a synthetic DNA conversion or as the powers behind the crime will call it “DNA Upgrades”. The following article explains this process, so if you are not yet familiar with the process then I suggest you read the article linked below by clicking the image:

What needs to be done with 5G WiFi in order for these psychopaths to put it to use for their purposes is to get it distributed all over the planet as much as it is possible for them to do. One way they are currently doing this, and with your help, is to sell the necessary antenna infrastructure as a service you need or “must have” for “blazing fast internet speeds everywhere in your home”.

This serves a two fold purpose.

You not only willingly accept the installation of the necessary infrastructure into your own private living spaces, but you do so with great glee and joy because now you have the latest tech and you are just “tew kewl” for having it in your house first. I bet you even show it off to your friends and neighbors so they will think you are just “Sew kewl”.

You are now willingly paying the roll out costs and all without even having to be asked to foot the bill. You want those super kewl fast internet speeds so you’ll gladly fork over the dough for the infrastructure roll out. All while you are none the wiser of the real nefarious purpose of getting this tech into your home.

Question is…

Would you still do so if you knew the real dangers this technology is presenting to you and your loved ones…?

Archived page link: http://archive.is/xq3y1

NOTE: 802.11 ac is the new 5G specification which operates at 5Ghz. (archived link: http://archive.is/0L3F4)

You see 5G WiFi is going to become the control matrix (Carrier Wave) by which epigenetics is going to be implemented on a mass scale. While Big Tech Companies will promise us it is going to give us faster download speeds on our phones, tablets, and other things in order to get us to accept it willingly at first, later we will be told of all the wonderful other uses they have found for this new 5G WiFi distributed network that has engulfed the planet, which includes the very inner depths of your home if you have this infrastructure installed there.

It will engulf the entire planet when they are finished with their roll out and build out if they have their way. You also will begin to notice new 5G WiFi equipment being installed in neighborhoods and business districts alike at about 500 foot intervals because the 5G “millimeter wave” WiFi signal has trouble penetrating solid objects.

Here is the “Feel Good” PR explanation of 5G WiFi from IEEE’s PR YouTube channel:

Everything You Need to Know About 5G

While millimeter waves have a hard time penetrating solid objects, they will still penetrate our skin and skulls to a certain depth and this is how it will be used to influence epigenetics on the human population. You see those bio-nano-particulates being dropped from those Chem-Tankers in the sky are so small that they will pass right through the blood-brain barrier in our bodies and thus can be sent directly to our brains. This is evidenced by the fact that they are absorbed into our bodies through our skin pores and also through our lungs as we breathe them in on a daily basis.

In the linked article above “The Transhuman Control Matrix Is Here” I explain how Elon Musk is just trying to normalize the idea of Neural Lace in our minds so we will more readily accept it once it is pushed on us. That is because it is already inside of us. It got there via the chemtrails being sprayed on us from overhead. We have been breathing the building blocks in for at least 12 years now.

The indiscriminate testing of biological weapons on humans is nothing new and make no mistake, Transhumanism research is the new arms race of the 21st century. Neural lace is just one more biological weapon and the primary function of neural lace is to create an electromagnetic control layer interface that will give the sentient computers a control interface for the human nervous system.

By having access to the control of our nervous systems, they can effectively gain full control of our entire bodies, right down to the ability to twitch your nose or wink your eye.

Back in 1977 the US Senate held hearings on the subject of biological testing by the Department of Defense (DOD) on human subjects WITHOUT their Expressed, Informed Consent. In the opening statement Senator Kennedy identified the “Key Issue” of these hearings which was and still is “The known use of American Citizens as unwitting human test subjects for open air drug and germ warfare testing conducted in the public domain” by officials of our own government. In the course of these hearings, the US Senate simply gave it’s citizens over, willingly and knowingly, to the Military and Pharmacological Industrial Complexes as guinea pigs for Nazi-Styled biological experimentation. They did so by using this hearing to make it appear that the MKULTRA program was halted. Instead the program went underground. We are now seeing signs of it resurfacing in the form of TI (Targeted Individuals) testimony on how they are being electronically harmed and harassed in a very familiar style which eerily resembles the very “trauma based mind control” methods of the “late” MKULTRA program. The 1977 Senate Committee Hearing was a PR cover-up, “Damage Control” if you will. The hearing made it appear to the US Citizens that Congress was going to stop the program, and possibly they might really have had such intentions, but the CIA took matters into their own hands and destroyed the records of their clandestine operations and thus no evidence was found to provide grounds for prosecution. Congress could have pressed further if they really wanted to stop the MKULTRA program. It is most probable, however, that members of Congress understood the CIA would simply take the operation “underground” henceforth.

“SUBPROJECT 35 – PROJECT MKULTRA For the purpose of establishing a cover organization for highly sensitive projects in the field of covert Biological, Chemical and Radiological Warfare” pp136

Direct document link.

To this day the US Government and other governments around the world at conducting covert testing on their populations and the people are still largely unaware that they are even being used as lab rats…

This is a natural segway into the subject of TI’s or “Targeted Individuals” but before I take you on that journey, I want you to first hear these explanations of what 5G WiFi really is and what it really means to you and me because control of 5G is also going to be ultimately given to the latest AI. With regard to TIs, AI will be using the same tech on the populace that is now being used on TIs in initial lab experiments. Most of us understand AI to mean Artificial Intelligence but I have to agree with Max Igan that AI really stands for Autonomous Intelligence. More on Max Igan and AI later…

First I have a discussion between Max Igan and DJ Welch from Level 9 News followed by some relevant information on transhumanism from Israeli News Live’s very own Dr. Steven Ben-Nun:

In this discussion Max Igan and DJ Welch also discuss the intentions of the central bankers to take over the crypto-currencies in order to replace the current fiat currency systems of the world and in effect digitize all assets of the world. This will then lead to you beginning to receive what is currently known as the Universal Basic Income. UBI will essentially become your government allotted allowance for your use toward your survival in the New World Order system via the One World Currency system. Essentially UBI is your contract payment for your servitude as a slave.

Video Source: Level9News

Introduction: This white paper presents a collective vision from the collaborating Federal agencies of the emerging and innovative solutions needed to realize the Nanotechnology – Inspired Grand Challenge for Future Computing. It describes the technical priorities shared by multiple Federal agencies, highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with these priorities, and presents a guiding vision for the research and development needed to achieve key near -, mid -, and long-term technical goals. By coordinating and collaborating across multiple levels of government, industry, academia, and nonprofit organizations, the nanotechnology and computer science communities can look beyond the decades-old approach to computing based on the von Neumann architecture and chart a new path that will continue the rapid pace of innovation beyond the next decade.

Document Link: A Federal Vision for Future Computing: A Nanotechnology – Inspired Grand Challenge

Transhumanism and Your Faith

Published on Sep 8, 2017 · Trans-humanism is the way of the future but is this what we really need? Jana BeNnun tackles this issue in the Atlanta conference.

This next discussion takes place on the Kev Baker show between Kev Baker, Anthony Patch, and Max Igan and his thoughts on AI. They take this discussion out to the maximum potential, I think, of exploration on what 5G WiFi really means to you and me:

5G, AI, & The NWO Smart Control Grid with Max Igan

There are more discussions to be heard but you can certainly find them on YouTube on your own. Right now it is time to start digging into the dark and scary world where TI’s live as the victims of unsolicited and unwanted open air laboratory experiments with Directed Energy Weapons and find out what they go through and then I will tell you what I believe is the reason(s) why.

Targeted Individuals: Open Air Lab Rats

First I want to introduce you to a former DOD contractor who became a TI, not by his own choice, and his name is Brian Tew. Brian decided not to just sit back and take the punishment being doled out to him, instead he used his abilities and resources and dug into the who, what, when, where, why, and how of electronic harassment and he has now come forward to blow the whistle on this torture project which is being carried out right in the open, right under our noses.

Mind you we are still only on the subject of the New World Order Government, there are still two other subjects to cover so try not to let yourself get burned out. Take a break if you need to because there is still a lot more information for you to go over.

Former DOD Contractor Bryan Tew Discusses Targeted Individuals, Conscious Computers, & Trauma Based Mind Control

Now in this next 2 part video sequence you are going to hear a discussion between Dr. Eric Karlstrom, Anthony Patch, and Kev Baker as Dr. Karlstrom breaks down what he calls the “Tew Hypothesis”. Anthony Patch interviews Dr. Karlstrom on his research into the world of TI’s both as a Researcher and as a TI himself. Targeted Individuals are not just relegated to the homeless, mentally ill, and the poor. There are also “targets of opportunity” as Brian Tew pointed out in the above video. Have a listen to this interview, I am sure you will be glued as was I, this is extremely intricate and fascinating information.

For the longest time, I could not figure out why the governments of the world were creating Targeted Individuals. It boggles the mind to try to think of why so many people would be put through such weird bouts of harassment, surveillance, and torture. It did boggle me for quite some time and I had only learned about it once I began to dig down into the link between morgellons and chemtrails. What is really going on with Targeted Individuals is that the Satanic powers that be are using these poor people as lab rats.

They are experimenting on them “Josef Mengele” style to discover the limits to which the human psyche and physical body can be taken to in order to discover what humans can withstand without going absolutely crazy and or dying. They are also using this tech in MK-Ultra fashion to fracture minds and create secret assassins, couriers, sex slaves, and spies by splitting the psyche through torture just like the handlers did in the MK-Ultra experiments. The difference now is that this has moved out of the MK-Ultra dungeons and into the open air and the splitting of the psyche is now taking place via radio frequency, microwave, and electromagnetic attacks.

Like I said earlier, MKULTRA was never put to rest as one might believe from the 1977 Senate Committee Joint Hearing on MKULTRA and the CIA. It just went underground as they moved the lab out into the open and began using new electronic tools of harassment and torture to continue their dirty little mind control experiments on the populace, only now they are hiding in plain sight.

On top of this the targets of opportunity are also included in this torture in order to either punish them for speaking out, or to convert them to agents themselves, in so doing they avoid the torture as a reward. It has also been state they are torturing “targets of opportunity” to destroy their wealth. For what reason this is I can only guess but my logical assumption is that to destroy someone’s wealth is to take away their ability to research, speak out, and have a lasting affect on the exposure of these attacks from the Military Industrial Complex and their many affiliates around the world.

Gang-Stalking to Extract Emotions:

The gang-stalking aspect being applied against targeted individuals is an attempt to coerce these to go into seclusion. See, when you have a bunch of people involved in a campaign or “conspiracy” against one person, designed to single that person out in order to discredit them and defame their character at the same time, this creates a very effective ability to control that person.

The reason TI’s are coerced into seclusion is because that is the “preferred” lab environment that is needed by the perpetrators (CIA Mind Mapping Technicians) using “conscious computers”, to borrow from Brian Tew’s colloquialism, to effectively map the human brain most efficiently. The target must be isolated so they can be kept from distractions which may lead to multitasking in the mind.

By keeping the targeted individual focused on one emotional state during mapping sessions, the computers can then record the electromagnetic signature generated by the target’s brain in a given emotional state.

Once a TI is effectively “quarantined” into seclusion, they can then be guided into each emotional state via electronic stimulus (torture) using Directed Energy Weapons from a nearby location by an operative of the project. Since microwaves and Directed Energy Weapons easily penetrate solid objects, the stimulus can be applied from a covert location unknown to the target such as the house next door or an adjacent apartment depending on where the TI’s choose to seclude themselves. The sophistication of the weapon(s) used can also vary from professionally created weaponry to the most basic designs.

Example of a ‘Makeshift’ Directed Energy Weapon

Here are two (very long) sessions from a group of researchers and Targeted Individuals (Targets of Opportunity, a Scientist and a Journalist, NSA Whistle Blower, and a Human Rights Activist) who are speaking out and fighting back against this barbary.

Dr. Millicent Black (Human Rights Activist), Karen Melton Stewart (NSA Whistle Blower), Ramola D (Investigative Journalist and Writer), and Dr. Katherine Horton (Oxford-educated Scientist) from a YouTube channel forum, hosted by Paul Marko, Ph.D, named PineConeUtopia.

First I will give you a brief introduction to PineConeUtopia from their page and then we will get on to the video playlist:

Disturbing the comfortable, comforting the disturbed….. When someone has broken through the right/left paradigm and is dedicated to unraveling the mysteries surrounding today’s life experiences in a search for truth PineConeUtopia provides art, intelligent perspectives and humor. During the disarming process of learning that everything that you have been taught is a lie concocted to suit an overarching agenda and that many of your heroes are paid shills pushing various parts of the plan for global dominance; support and reassurance affords a buttress against the strong winds of manufactured social conformity and disinformation. We at PineConeUtopia are not journalists, intellectuals or debaters; we are simply artists practicing our crafts with the aim of helping humankind in their hour of great need. For more of this perspective visit our blog: http://pineconeutopia.wordpress.com For a fascinating read, get a copy of Belief Magic: Decoding the Belief Matrix by Paul Marko, Ph.D.

I think that sums up the NWO Government portion of this article quite well. You might be in overload after all that so take a break if you need to. The next subject I want to dive into is the NWO Religion or the “One World Religion” of the end times “Beast System”.

One World Religion: Ecumenical Religion Movement

As of late I think we are all familiar with Pope Francis and his “ecumenical” campaign designed to unite the monotheistic and other religions of the world under one umbrella theology. He, of course is using the New Age tag line that “God is Love” and purveying the idea that God is all loving and he would never punish his children for being gay or bi or worshiping some other god or practicing idolatry, because “what god would harm his children?”.

This doctrine avoids the parts of the Bible where God tells us that there are definite consequences for our actions, good and bad alike. You reap what you sew and there is no escaping that edict from God. It is his creation after all and so he gets to set the rules and there is nothing we can do to change them. He is the potter and we a the clay, it is that simple.

This is an attempt to promote the Satanic doctrine of “Do as thou wilt”, a doctrine that helps to also promote the hyper-grace doctrine in the apostate churches of today’s modernized, watered down false Christianity. This also serves to make real Christians look bad as the world only knows to group all Christians and Christianized religions into one pot thus giving us all a bad name in the eyes of the “unchurched” world.

Inasmuch, Pope Francis is attempting to convince the people of the world to unite under one umbrella under a guise of “Peace & Love” and to convince them of the lie that we are all our own gods and to ascend to Heaven we all just need to unite and work together to bring harmony to all peoples and cast off those ancient and broken belief systems and texts (Christ’s teachings and the Bible) in favor of a new universal theology under one single religious institution which of course will be headed by the Roman Catholic Church.

Modern Catholicism may be the possible choice of the NWO One World Religion but there are other contenders out there that are just as bad. That is not to say that the early Catholic church was in error, according to historical account the Roman Catholic Church was born of the original Catholic Church and then demented by Emperor Constantine along with Emperor Licinius in 313 when they “legalized Christianity” and then took the Catholic Church over giving birth to the Roman Catholic Church by officiating Orthodox Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire; thus creating the first “State Church”.

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Emperor Constantine

Emperor Licinius

Another possible contender is the Dominion Theology. Those who are involved in the Dominion Theology movement are of the belief system of Seven Mountain Mandate. The following block quote from gotquestions.org explains what the Seven Mountain Mandate is and also provides a link to a description of Dominion Theology.

The seven mountain mandate or the seven mountain prophecy is an anti-biblical and damaging movement that has gained a following in some Charismatic and Pentecostal churches. Those who follow the seven mountain mandate believe that, in order for Christ to return to earth, the church must take control of the seven major spheres of influence in society for the glory of Christ. Once the world has been made subject to the kingdom of God, Jesus will return and rule the world.

Here are the seven mountains, according to the seven mountain mandate: 1) Education 2) Religion 3) Family 4) Business 5) Government/Military 6) Arts/Entertainment 7) Media

These seven sectors of society are thought to mold the way everyone thinks and behaves. So, to tackle societal change, these seven “mountains” must be transformed. The mountains are also referred to as “pillars,” “shapers,” “molders,” and “spheres.” Those who follow the seven mountain mandate speak of “occupying” the mountains, “invading” the culture, and “transforming” society.

The seven mountain mandate has its roots in dominion theology, which started in the early 1970s with a goal of “taking dominion” of the earth, twisting Genesis 1:28 to include a mandate for Christians to control civil affairs and all other aspects of society. The New Apostolic Reformation, with its self-appointed prophets and apostles, has also influenced the seven mountain movement, lending dreams and visions and other extra-biblical revelations to the mandate.

The seven mountain mandate says that it is the duty of all Christians to create a worldwide kingdom for the glory of Christ. Teachers in the movement use Isaiah 2:2, which mentions mountains, in an attempt to support their view: “In the last days the mountain of the LORD’s temple will be established as the highest of the mountains; it will be exalted above the hills, and all nations will stream to it.” The principal goal of dominion theology and the seven mountain mandate is political and religious domination of the world through the implementation of the moral laws—and subsequent punishments—of the Old Testament.

Lance P. Wallnau coined the term seven mountain mandate and is its most prominent teacher. Wallnau adapts the missionary mandate of Jesus to His disciples to “go and make disciples” of all the nations into a mandate to effect social transformation. He reasons that, since churches already have a presence in every nation in the world, we need to now concentrate on influencing the systems (the “mountains”) within these nations. The problem, according to Wallnau, is that Christians are not currently influencing society outside the church. Christians have left the mountains susceptible to the “gates of hell,” which are spiritual portals over the “kings” (influence-shapers) of those mountains.

Wallnau’s teaching is loosely based on the Abrahamic Covenant, which promised Abraham a seed and a lasting inheritance. Also, Israel was promised in Deuteronomy 28:12–14 to be the “head and not the tail” among the nations. Proponents of the seven mountain mandate infer that the church, not Israel, is the entity to claim that promise. It is now up to believers to move in proximity to the “gates of hell” and position themselves to exert the greatest amount of influence. The church then needs to be dissected into “micro components” and infiltrate the mountains. Since every Christian can’t position himself at the top of every mountain, each individual is to find his particular smaller peak and be a leader in that realm.

The leading edge of the seven mountain mandate is the New Apostolic Reformation, which teaches that the church of the 21st century will be ruled by apostles and prophets. The movement is not governed by a specific denomination but by the alleged apostles and prophets who, of course, claim to receive direct revelation from God. In lending credence to modern-day prophets and apostles, the NAR denigrates the Bible and sola scriptura, emphasizes experience-oriented theology, and promotes mysticism.

Read More: What is the seven mountain mandate (7-M / 7M), and is it biblical?

In all probability though, according to my personal research, I think the more possible choice will be the Alien Messiah Propaganda Agenda. I actually came up with this myself before I heard or read of anyone else mentioning it or presenting it as a possibility and for that I am glad because it means I am not the only researcher in my sphere of knowledge that has come to the same conclusion.

Basically the idea is that society will be presented with the notion that Aliens have been visiting us for many centuries and they are now going to reveal themselves to us because we are “finally ready” to accept them. Apparently they have been keeping their distance until they knew that we would not freak out or try to kill them if they showed up “too soon”.

This occurred to me way back in 2007 or 2008, sometime in there, while I was researching UFOs and Aliens. I had made the mention to Luke Rudkowski of the WeAreChange YouTube channel back then. He never did respond either, anyway here is a video that really does a great job explaining this theory. It is a discussion on this very topic from Prophecy Watchers involving Tom Horn, Gary Stearman, and LA Marzulli. I was pleasantly surprised to see that they see it just about the same as I do.

The Strong Delusion Finally Explained

Suffice it to say, the One World Religion doctrine will set it’s sights on uniting the entire world population under one theocratic umbrella and I think the Alien Agenda is probably the one scenario that will prove most convincing because of what I have seen in scripture that seems to warn of this very idea. Not only that, but we see scriptural prophecy manifesting out into the world from those prophecies in real life more and more each day.

If you want to know more about the religion and religious culture of the people and organizations that are now in control of the entire world system, you will want to watch the following 3 hour documentary on this very subject. It is packed chok-full of information and I personally found it quite riveting and informative. Probably one of the best documentaries I have seen on the subject thus far.

Eye of the Phoenix: Secrets of the Dollar Bill (2008)

http://www.adullamfilms.com

Modern masonry claims that the all-seeing eye floating above the pyramid is not a Masonic symbol. But what did Freemason President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his Masonic Vice President, Henry Wallace, believe when they attached this symbol to our currency in 1935?

How were these American leaders influenced by the Russian mystic, Nicholas Roerich? Does the all-seeing eye represent the Masonic Christ? Was the eagle originally a phoenix bird? And what do all these occult symbols mean?

Follow the journey of the Secret Mysteries series as we unveil their influence through the 20th century. Many believe that the real purpose of the many “Wars and Rumors of Wars” has been to establish a commonwealth of nations to rule the whole world. With the North American Union on the rise, is America the victim of deception? Or is she THE instrument of Global Government?

http://www.adullamfilms.com/EyeOfPhoenix.html

so far in my research, it is looking more and more like the One world Religion will probably be a mix of the Catholic Religion, Scientology (L Ron Hubbard), and maybe even a mix of the Seven Mountain Mandate from dominion theology. Only time will tell what the actual blend will be.

Well I think that rounds out my coverage on the One World Religion agenda quite well. Now I want to move on to the final topic of the One World Currency.

One World Currency: R.I.P US Dollar

Exit the Petro-Dollar, Enter the Crypto Factor

This is a presentation that gives very good insight into the role of Block-Chain and Crypto-Currencies as they pertain to the replacement of the fiat Petro-Dollar.

This hard-hitting interview about Lynette Zang, ACChain and Bitcoin is a jaw dropper. As the economic-crypto-precious metals truth community continues to bash Lynette Zang for daring to mention the new ACChain in China, I continue to point out that the DISCUSSION WILL CONTINUE – and new emerging evidence about ACChain suggests that Zang may be right.

Andy Hoffman and I go head to head in what quickly devolves into a cage match. Why the investigation into ACChain and what the Chinese are up to as they actively seek to make the RMB a world currency, is causing so much disharmony, is troubling.

WATCH THIS: Timeline for Global Crypto-Currency Acceptance, Digitizing Commodities & Mini Ice Age Crop Losses – by David DuByne

Now since Fiat Currency crashes and Block-Chain / Crypto-Currencies are so complicated, I am not going to try to tackle that here as I am no expert to be sure but I will say that I see ACCHAIN as a major threat and a possible candidate to become the Block-Chain that gets linked to the SDR which I believe will become the One World Currency. That sums up what I had to convey on the One World Currency except that if you want to know more in relation to the infrastructure that will most likely be used to enforce such a currency system then I suggest you take a look at my article on the Amazon-Go acquisition of the Whole Foods grocery chain. I wrote that and included a video to accompany that article as well.

TI’s As Oopen-Air Lab Rats

Now last but certainly not least we come to the subject of TI’s or “Targeted Individuals”. I know you might think this one should come under the NWO Government heading and it probably would except that this is an interview that explains this new form of MKULTRA styled torture of individuals as an open air laboratory for the new technology that has come out of the expansion of the CIA’s MKULTRA program. Many people think that MKULTRA was ended back in 1977 but, as you can see from what I wrote above, but it has not been ended at all, instead it was simply taken “underground” by the CIA.

The MKULTRA program has now resurfaced and is being conducted in plain sight with an army of agents employed by the program to keep anyone who would speak out publicly against it silent and even make then disappear for trying to expose its new emergence.

The following interview is from Ramola D Reports on YouTube. Ramola Dharmaraj is a journalist and she has a special interest in the area of targeted individuals. In this interview she speaks with Chris Burton, a former high powered mover and shaker from the world of IT. Chris Burton has worked at many well known IT companies that have been known to shape our world with their technologies and his story is one that shows us no one is safe from this new form of state sponsored, CIA run torture and domestic terrorism.

To them, we all are literally an abundant supply of lab rats. It isn’t beyond any of us to be the next victim caught up in this program so you will want to pay close attention to this interview:

Report #22: Chris Burton – Part 1: IT Success & Neurotech Experimentation, V2K(Voice 2 Skull)

OK, that is all I have for now. I know this was a very long post and I certainly hope you made it all this way because while this may be a whole lot of information to take in, it is probably some of the MOST IMPORTANT information you have seen yet.

Remember, The Truth Is Out there, Waiting To Be Found. Take The RedPill, Join The RedPill infowar, Break The Matrix, Free Your Mind…

RedPill signing off…

Beast System | One World: Government; Religion; Currency; | Nearly 100% Complete | TI’s As Open Air Lab Rats Before we start, I want to warn you, this is not going to be a short article by any means.

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fluxsci · 7 years ago

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Elemental Flow - Valentia Orbitalis (3)

Image via MicroMountain

And we’re back with some more. This time, finally, we discuss orbitals. What if I told you that you already know what they are? For those of you who have already studied chemistry, you’ve possibly already started to put together the pieces from the last two lessons. For the rest of you, we have laid the groundwork for orbitals already by discussing what they are in detail. Orbitals are nothing more than the position of electron in the space of an atom.

I should stop before I get ahead of myself. Because it’s been so long since we’ve talked about electrons, I think it’s only proper to begin with a summary of the past lessons. Of course, if you want to understand these at a higher level, please check out part 1 and part 2.

In the Name of Energy

Low energy means no problems. The first lesson on electrons focused on their orientation and how they exist in a way that decreases their energy. The second furthered that discussion, showing that microscopic particles exhibit both particle-like behavior and wave-like behavior, changing the number of possible places that electrons can exist within the three dimensions, again, to minimize energy. In both lessons, we have discussed that modeling exactly where the electron is is difficult, but telling where it might be in a “cloud” of possible positions is far easier.

I don’t exaggerate when I say that, if you understand those two things, you understand most of orbital theory. But, of course, I’ll show you what I mean.

Elementary Table

First, we should establish a familiarity with the periodic table.

Image via Science Notes

Don’t be scared. Take a deep breath. This massive organization of scientific data should not scare you.

This table, like most periodic tables should, gives us all of the information required to talk about the elements. The key given explains what is within each box. To further explain, the number in the top left, or the atomic number, represents the number of protons within the atom. Given no excess in positive or negative charge, the atomic number can also be taken to refer to the number of electrons within an atom as well. The number in the top right, or the atomic mass or weight, is given as the size of an atom. Since the nucleus of any atom makes up most of the weight, you will usually see a reference to the mass number given before any particle. The mass number, unlike the atomic number, is the combined amount of protons and neutrons in any element.

Image via IPod Physics

Elements will always have the same amount of protons, which is why the atomic number is defined as the number of protons. However, an element will not always have the same number of electrons or the same number of neutrons.

You might have heard the term “isotope” before. Isotopes are the variations of an elements, given by differing numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are less stable than others and, the less stable they are, the less likely that they are occur less in nature.

Image via TutorCircle

As you can see, protium, the hydrogen with one proton only, is the most commonly occurring, and, as such, the mass number of hydrogen is usually written as 1. Isotopes of hydrogen can have a mass number of 2 or 3.

But now we get to the interesting and most relevant part of the table: the electron shells and configurations shown at the bottom.

Sharing Shells

Remember when I said in the first lesson that reactions between elements exist in a give-and-take relationship? It’s finally time to tie the neat bow on the present that I had been preparing for you since the beginning. Let’s jump right in.

It is the electron shell that determines how many electrons an atom gives up. The theory of electron shells came from the idea that Niels Bohr had about electrons needing to be a certain distance away from the nucleus.

The outermost electron shell is called the valence shell. This is the shell that interacts with the valence shells of other elements. We have determined that the preferred number of valence electrons for any element in the valence shell is eight. This is according to the amount of electrons within elements in the noble gas category (the elements on the rightmost column of the periodic table). The reason for that is due to a unique characteristic of noble gases – they are almost completely nonreactive. If you put a noble gas next to any element, without any further additions, nothing would happen.

While the outermost shell is important, however, I would like to turn your attention to the inner shells – where the orbitals truly shine…in the next lesson. Don’t be too upset with me. You’ll appreciate this given the amount there is to tell you. Keep that periodic table handy.

And feel free to review and ask questions in preparation for the next lesson.

#flux #orbital theory #orbitals #science education #chemistry #physics #ElementalFlow

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fluxsci · 7 years ago

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Elemental Flow - Two Natures (2)

Circle Wave by Dave Whyte via [https://dribbble.com/shots/1696376-Circle-wave]

|| by matthew It’s interesting how the deeper you dive into the atom, the more you find. There really is a whole universe in these atoms. As such, I recommend that you take a look at the previous lesson in the Elements’ Flow series in order to really understand where I will be going in this one.

Before I jump right in, I recommend that you actively participate in this lesson. Grab a notepad and pen or use your word processor of choice and take notes. This one is very involved and you may have questions that I encourage you to answer. They will help not only you, but me as well, and you might even inspire another chapter of the storyline.

Without further ado, enjoy…and keep an extra box of tissues nearby; this one’s is a tear-jerker.

What Are They?

Imagine, for a moment, a situation where there are many electrons surrounding a nucleus. As we previously discussed, Schrödinger created a model where electrons are a certain length and orientation away from the nucleus, yet close enough to experience its attractive force while maintaining a respectable distance away from other electrons – a tough balancing act for sure. With respect to this model, you might expect them orient themselves around a nucleus in any way that reduces their energy.

But why do they move at all? Why would they not just orient themselves in the spots that satisfy those three conditions and then simply vibrate in place to get rid of any excess energy that enters their system? On a macroscopic scale, magnets do this: they don’t bounce around – they either snap in place or repel each other.

The reason that electrons can’t just settle is because these, like other microscopic particles, have a hidden second nature that they must abide by.

I imagine that this is an area where most college chemistry professors avoided, much to all of our dismay, because it explains quite a bit about why electrons do what they do. They must have thought that everyone understood beginner level Quantum Mechanics. Common mistake, I suppose (sarcasm). If you’re a part of the 99% that doesn’t know what I’m talking about, strap in. This will probably be a bumpy ride.

Bohring Beginning

Quantum Mechanics has the capacity to either make you worry about how difficult it is, excite you over its mythos and the scientists responsible for its inception, or terrify you about the microscopic world that composed everything you know and love. Or a combination of the three.

In the quest for the “hidden nature”, I say we dive into a few of the key figures that wanted to model the electron. Let’s begin with Niels Bohr and his model of the electron.

Image via [https://www.universetoday.com/46886/bohrs-atomic-model/]

Shortly after Rutherford’s model, which you saw in the last lesson, Bohr edited the model to be more consistent with his findings.

He noticed that, during the reduction of energy in the electrons, they would release light.

But, alone, that is not such a big deal – light is a form of energy. The problem was the strange way that light was coming from the atoms. Let’s take a brief divergence into the physics of light to figure the phenomenon out.

From Light Comes Color

Light, as we can see it, is the mixture of energies on the visible spectrum. That might sound complex, but it’s actually quite simple to understand, given that you see it in effect after the sun comes out after a nice rainstorm.

Image via [http://clipart-library.com/images/kc85abK9i.jpg]

White light, when refracted, or bended, through a substance (water in the case of a rainbow) splits into seven memorable colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. They are split according to the size of their wave, or wavelength, with red light having the highest wavelength (around 700 nanometers) and violet having the lowest (around 400 nanometers). These wavelengths are inversely-proportional to the amount of energy, meaning as wavelength grows, energy drops.

Image via [https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/902/2015/02/23224709/CNX_Psych_05_02_Wave.jpg]

There’s even a nice formula for this. I’ll show it below, but don’t worry about this for now. It won’t be on the test.

You can that if you put in bigger and bigger numbers in the wavelength symbol, lambda, energy gets smaller and smaller. And there’s another constant! Don’t worry, we’ll get to Planck when we talk about quantum mechanics. He is the founder of the field, after all.

Image via [http://astronomyonline.org/Science/Frequency.asp]

Discrete Discovery

So, what was the strange discovery Bohr made?

He noticed specific colors coming from the electrons when he measured the system. If the electrons could truly be anywhere around the nucleus, Bohr would have seen the full visible spectrum of colors like what you see in a rainbow. In quantum mechanical terms, this electron is quantized, meaning that it only releases discrete, or distinct, energy levels, not continuous ones, like that of a rainbow.

Continuous on the top, discrete on the bottom.

Image by Dmitry Karpenko & Vahe Ganapetyan via [https://www.reefll.com/svet_v_rifovom_akvariume]

This led Bohr to think that the electrons must be an exact distance away from the nucleus and each other. When higher-energy electrons decrease in energy level, they go to another exact distance from the nucleus that is lower than the one they were. The transition to lower orbits creates a specific color of light, caused by the energy that they give off.

As reasonable as these discoveries seem, science isn’t always so easy to get right the first time, no matter how many years one has spent on the topic. Important lesson.

First, electrons do not just infinitely continue to expand outward from the nucleus according to their energy state. You might imagine that if it gets too far away, it would just break free of the attractive electric force of the nucleus. That is absolutely true, and, there is such a concept called a “free electron”, which is defined as just that.

Secondly, Bohr seems to think here that electrons are traveling on an orbit like planets around a star, making the model completely two-dimensional. Think about that for a moment. Are school buses in children’s drawings really as flat as they look on a piece of paper? Realistically, they’re three-dimensional; school buses carry rows and rows of children. This limits the electrons in his model to only expand outward, overlapping with the first problem.

To explain the exertion of light by transitioning electrons, Bohr had to apply research of the legendary Albert Einstein just about two decades earlier. Einstein made a name for himself by publishing a set of papers that included a discovery of the photon.

The photon is defined as light’s quantum, or the discrete and fundamental unit of energy of light. Einstein found that the quantum had no rest mass, meaning that, when the photon is not in motion (at rest), it has no mass. That mind-blowing discovery revolutionized physics for good.

Nevertheless, it was odd that an electron mirrored the photon in that it behaved as though it was quantized. Why would an electron, a particle with mass, share qualities with a photon, a particle without mass? Perhaps there were more similarities between these particles than just this?

Electromagnetic Forces of Nature

Light has been debated since the times of the legendary Sir Isaac Newton. Despite his own experiment of splitting light into its seven colors with a prism (yes, that was him), Newton believed that it was a particle because of how light created clear shadows.

Image drawn by John Adam Houston

See? Even great scientists can miss things. You’ll remember that the only reason that we get the rainbow of colors is due to refraction.

The kicker is that particles do not refract. Only waves do.

Experiments done over hundreds of years following Newton have yielded similar results. The most notable experiments were done by James Clerk Maxwell in the 1800s, who developed a set of equations for electromagnetic waves that we still use to this day. Of course, Einstein would rebel in the early 1900s and move on to experimentally prove that light was not only a wave, but also a particle.

So light is massless, and behaves like waves and particles. It’s crazy to insist that an electron could be similar, right?

Louis de Broglie, a scientist of France, didn’t think so. He saw where Bohr’s experiments left him and, unsatisfied with his model, tried to take it a step further theorizing that microscopic particles with mass also behaved like waves.

Using the aforementioned equations of Maxwell and Einstein’s discovery of the dual nature of light, de Broglie was set to make history. He knew that, as a charged particle, an electron would likely be under the influence of both an electric field and a magnetic field making their wave pattern electromagnetic. Electromagnetic waves, are defined as oscillations, or regular movements back and forth (like a pendulum), that are caused by both electric and magnetic fields.

Remember that equation we talked about in the last part – Coulomb’s Law? It defined the electrostatic “power” of charged particles. The relationship between particles, whether they were attracted to or repulsed by each other, would create an electric field!

The strength of the field from any individual charge is determined by the strength of that charge.

Image via [http://electricity-automation.com/img/electricity/fieldLines.jpg]

Magnetic fields are created, simply, whenever charges move.

Image via [http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Atomic%20physics/Electron%20physics/text/Electron_motion_in_electric_and_magnetic_fields/index.html]

Beautiful Curves

With this knowledge, de Broglie only needed to validate his theory by comparing it to Bohr’s findings while improving upon them to eliminate the previously-mentioned shortcomings in Bohr’s model.

Fortunately, it is theoretically easy to do all three. Bohr found that the electrons must be in defined orbits – otherwise they would not be exhibiting discrete energy in the form of photons when they went from a higher to a lower energy state. That means electrons must exist such that their orbits are uninterrupted and stable. We define waves that are constant and not under any interference standing waves. The electrons must also be in phase with their orbits, meaning that they stay on a consistent path over time.

This is what that looks like:

Image via [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Bohr.html]

The frequency of the waves, or, how many humps there are, is purely determined by how much energy the electrons have. In fact, the only possible way that one can have an exact orbit as more and more electrons are added is if the electrons are at an energy level that allows them to be a standing wave. If electrons were to become excited and the energy used to excite them was not enough to bring them to a standing wave, it would not move to a higher energy state.

Also, notice that n = 1 looks exactly like Bohr’s model, a simple circular orbit. Bohr’s model was only correct for the case where there is only one electron present – the hydrogen atom!

Lastly, wrapping it up nicely, the waves from this model move into three dimensions, supplanting the limited 2D model of Bohr.

Image by Andrew D. Hwang via [https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2383454/what-will-be-the-form-of-the-equation-of-a-standing-wave-in-circular-form-as-sho]

This is how electrons move, creating the wave-particle duality of all things composed of microscopic particles. We know that electrons are absurdly fast, as well, so, by observation, we can never know where on the path electrons are at any time. This is what ultimately inspired Schrödinger to create the electron cloud model that we use today. Despite the messiness of that model, electrons on it are moving in these same wave-like patterns. Schrödinger’s concern, unlike de Broglie’s, was to create a mathematic model to figure out the probability of finding an electron in a certain position, which he was successful in doing, beginning orbital theory.

So, in closing, at an atomic level, your body is behaving like both a wave and a particle. I hope that doesn’t keep you up at night. If it does, just stare at this image that is strikingly similar to the above model. I promise it will calm you down.

You deserve it after making it through this one.

Image via [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/678636237570753011/]

#science #quantum mechanics #flux #electrons #einstein #bohr #schrodinger #ElementalFlow

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