#steven irwin for scale

[arminreindl]

Duerosuchus is a rather small crocodilian from the Eocene of Spain. When initially described it was placed closely to the clade Brevirostres (Gators and Crocs), but a later phylogenetic analysis found out that it was actually a member of the Planocraniidae.

Planocraniidae is a family of terrestrial crocodilians (or more basal Eusuchians) that lived in Eurasia and America during the Paleocene and Eocene. The family also includes the much larger Boverisuchus magniforns from Germany and Boverisuchus vorax from America, as well as Planocrania from China. Effectively speaking, Boverisuchus is the animal previously known as Pristichampsus, because Pristichampsus was based on fragmentary material that wasn't diagnostic enough. So out with the old, in with the new.

Planocraniids were one of multiple groups of crocodiles inhabiting the Eocene rainforests, adapted to a more running lifestyle with toes tipped by hooves and later ziphodont (compressed and serrated) teeth. At least in Boverisuchus. The teeth of Duerosuchus and Planocrania were already flattened, but not serrated. The other three prominent croc groups in the Eocene jungles of the northern hemisphere were crocodiles, represented by "Asiatosuchus" in Spain, alligatoroids, present with Diplocynodon, and Sebecids, a group thats much more ancient and not part of the crown group of crocodiles. Sebecids are present with Iberosuchus, another terrestrial hunter, but one that was much larger than Duerosuchus. (bottom image by Ortega et al.)

[cubuffs-blog1]

CU’s Studs In The Performance Nutrition Department

Phillip Lindsay has gained a significant amount of lean mass since arriving at CU working under the CU strength staff and with the Performance Nutrition Department.

BOULDER – Nutrition and the weight room go hand-in-hand. So does the weight room and football. Put it all together and you have a couple of the necessary ingredients to cook up a successful football player.

 For the Colorado Buffaloes, it’s Performance Nutrition Department ensures all student-athletes have the necessary building blocks to develop healthy bodies. Now in its third year the program, under the direction of lead dietitian Laura Anderson and assistant sports dietitian Dana Bielinski, has seen tremendous results.

 As Anderson tells the Buffs, “you can’t out-train a crappy diet.”

 CU trained hard all summer in the weight room and maintained healthy diets. The results showed in the body composition testing Anderson did with the team before fall camp started.

 “It really truly was the best preseason body comps I’ve had,” Anderson said.

 Here are some of the highlights broken down into several different categories.

MOST IMPROVED OR BIGGEST TRANSFORMATION

Who: QB Steven Montez

Why: His preseason body comp assessment during his true freshman year in 2015, he weighed 215 pounds with 13.3% body fat. Preseason 2016 he was up to 227 pounds, 16.8% body fat and 189 pounds of lean mass. His weight was up even higher in that memorable Oregon game when he put up the big performance in his first career start, but he was noticeably out of shape on the field. That is when he bought in to the program to getting in better shape and eating properly.

 “The biggest change, in less than a year, he has gained 12 pounds of lean mass,” Anderson said of Montez. “He is literally two pounds heavier (on the scale), but at 12.1 percent body fat and 201 pounds of lean mass. It’s really an impressive change and he is a completely different guy.”

 Honorable Mention: RB Phillip Lindsay – in November 2014 he was 176 pounds and this July he was 190 pounds with 9.3 percent body fat. “All that mass that he has gained from November 2014 to now is all lean mass,” Anderson said.

 WR Kabion Ento – gained 11 pounds of lean mass in his first year at CU, mostly in his legs. “All that mass is right in that power area for him,” Anderson said.

 WR Devin Ross – Postseason 2016 he weighed 179 pounds with 7.1 percent body fat and 167 pounds of lean mass. “Too lean, I got after him,” Anderson said. At his body composition test before fall camp he weighed 190 pounds, had 8.0 percent body fat and 175 pounds of lean muscle. That is an eight pound gain of lean mass from the end of last year to this year.

 “Devin Ross said to me at the end of last season ‘I want to be 190 pounds preseason,’ and he did what he said he wanted to do,” Anderson said.

 TOP FREAKS

Who: Isaiah Oliver

 Why: He was 184 pounds preseason last year, but was 194 pounds before fall camp and almost 100 percent of that gain is muscle tissue.

 “That all came while he was participating in a spring sport where training was significantly different,” Anderson said. “(Because he is a two-sport athlete who ran track) he missed kind of all that spring ball time frame where people’s lifting programs were a lot different. He made a significant gain in a short amount of time and excelled at two sports.”

 PLAYER(S) MOST DEDICATED TO MAINTAINING A HEALTHY DIET/LIFESTYLE

Who: RB Kyle Evans

Why: Evans dislocated his hip on March 4 in spring practices, a very serious injury that made him immobile for a lengthy period of time and caused a tremendous amount of mass loss in his body. Remarkably, his dedication to rehab and his nutrition dialed him back to almost where he was at with his body composition prior to last season.

 “As soon as Kyle was injured, he was in here and we were working on different supplements he could do, but readdressing the timing on when he was fueling to make sure he was doing everything as much as he could from a nutrition side to aid in that recovery,” Anderson said. “Basic supplementation …  things that were going to help reduce inflammation because he was in a really inflamed state post-surgery. Things like that but then again refocusing on foods and making sure that his timing with protein intake was consistent throughout the day so that we would always have those amino acids going to rebuilding any of the tissue that just got so destroyed in his injury. He did awesome and he attributes a lot of it to nutrition.”

Evans, on the right here next to Phillip Lindsay at a recent practice, has made a remarkable recovery and is close to returning to practice with the Buffs.

Who: OL Colby Pursell

Why: He is a kid who has thrived in his short time on campus, gaining eight pounds of lean mass since arriving in January. His weight at his body composition test at the end of July was 278 pounds with 17.4 percent body fat and 231 pounds of lean muscle.

 “He has had just an amazing composition change since he came in,” Anderson said. “He applies it, he shows me photos of what he is doing, he keeps teammates accountable. It’s probably one of the best changes I’ve seen in a short amount of time and it is really cool to see that in a very young 18-year-old individual that comes in at the semester, which can be a tricky time to come in, has such great results.”

 Big Man Award

Who: OL Jeromy Irwin

Why: At Irwin’s first body composition test in September of 2014, he weighed 278 pounds, had 21 percent body fat and 220 pounds of lean muscle. At his 2017 preseason assessment he registered in at 310 pounds on the scale, had 19.7 percent body fat and 249 pounds of lean muscle.

 “He gained all that lean mass over the course of the years with a major ACL tear and his foot injury,” Anderson said. “He has good genetics and then he does extra work.”

 Who: NT Javier Edwards

Why: When he first arrived in January he weighed 380 pounds, 244 of that lean mass. On July 25, 2017 he weighed 354 pounds with 273 pounds of lean mass.

 “What we’ve seen with Javier, it is ridiculous,” Anderson said. “When he came in he really wasn’t that fit. Training completely changed when he came here, we completely changed his nutrition and so he was able to elicit that change. The fact is he gained a tremendous amount of muscle tissue as well as losing fat at the same time.”

 Newcomer with the Best Anthropometrics (the measurement of the size and proportions of the human body)

Who: WR Laviska Shenault, Jr.

Why: He walks in the door weighing 217 pounds with 8.8 percent body fat and he has 197 pounds of lean mass.

 “He’s got a really big bone structure, so I think that we can continue to have a little bit of hypertrophy growth in his thigh region, but for him it will be a matter of keeping that muscle tissue really strong and flexible to protect himself from injury,” Anderson said.

 BEST CHEF ON THE TEAM

Who: OLB Sam Bennion

Why: He made it to the final round of the Performance Nutrition Department cook-off among all CU student-athletes last spring. For that he had to make a recipe every single week and compete against other student-athletes and their dishes to advance. Some of his dishes were shrimp linguini, chicken tortilla soup and for the final cook-off he made chili rellenos.

One of Sam Bennion’s dishes from the Performance Nutrition Department cook-off last spring. And yes, that is brussel sprouts that you see.

Who: OL Jonathan Huckins

Why: He really likes to cook, often preparing meals for teammates and other student-athletes on different teams. His favorite dish to cook is ratatouille, a stewed vegetable dish. He was also recognized because he had a gold card violation for buying a non-food item. Usually those violations are for an item like toilet paper from the grocery story, but he bought a rolling pin.

 “He is probably the only college athlete we know that needed a rolling pin for his kitchen,” Bielinski said.

To learn more about CU’s Performance Nutrition Department, check out Neill Woelk’s feature on them from the end of April:  CU Nutrition Specialist Helps Buffs Get Most From Their Fuel

- Jason Clay, Associate SID 

[stringnarratives]

The Art of Illusion: “Legion”

[This post contains many, sometimes detailed spoilers about the FX show “Legion” (TV-MA) and some about the comics off of which it is based. This show has also been the subject of some debate online, primarily over its representations of mental illness and a scene that could be triggering to those sensitive to sexual assault. While these conversations are valid contributions to a thorough examination of this narrative, they will not be the focus of this article, which centers on how graphic techniques affect the story.] 

We’ve entered into a new age of the pretty superhero story. What started out as illustrative art and came to the big screen in beautiful, terrifying realizations of our heroic dreams is now aesthetically pleasing on a smaller scale: television and streaming.

Marvel seems to be at the forefront of that movement, with shows like “Daredevil,” “Jessica Jones,” and “Luke Cage” that were touted for their gritty filmography and graphics as much as for their plots. 

The FX television show “Legion,” however, finds that beautiful superhero movemtn married with an aesthetic that, though unexpected and unlike any of the other shows Marvel has produced, helps drive the story in some interestingly intuitive ways.

The show focuses on 30-something-year-old David Haller (Dan Stevens)-- the unwitting son of X-Men founder and leader Professor Charles Xavier-- whose developing telekinetic powers have been interpreted as schizophrenia and ultimately resulted in his institutionalization. After being plucked from the hospital and inducted into a group of mutants that include Sydney Barrett (Rachel Keller), Ptonomy Wallace (Jeremie Harris), Cary Loudermilk (Bill Irwin) and Kerry Loudermilk (Amber Midthunder) and is headed by Dr. Melanie Bird (Jean Smart), Haller comes to term with his powers, but not before realizing that another powerful telepath, the Shadow King, has taken up residence in his consciousness. This being who has alternatively encouraged and tormented David all his life comes in many forms-- from a terrifying creature called “the demon with the yellow eyes” to a floppy-eared beagle-- but primarily manifests himself as David’s deceased best friend Lenny Busker (Aubrey Plaza).

Consequently, chaos ensues in the struggle for control of David’s abilities. 

But although "Legion” seems to take place in the X-Men universe we’re familiar with-- and, assumedly, the Marvel universe we’re familiar with-- it doesn’t look much like a Marvel production. 

Where the Avengers have a gleaming, futuristic Stark Tower, the team in “Legion” hang out at Summerland, a mid-forest campus filled with taxidermy rams, wall-to-wall windows and nature-themed paintings. Where Jessica Jones traversed an eerily dark Hell’s Kitchen, David Haller’s world is filled with brilliant colors. And where its not uncommon for participants in the Wolverine film sub-series to appear in some variation of dark jeans, t-shirt and leather jacket in every single era, “Legion’s” wardrobe seems to come straight out of the 1960s. 

The resulting 8-episode season resembles "What if Wes Anderson Directed X-Men?” more than it does “Daredevil,” or even the (sometimes) more lighthearted “Agents of Shield.” It’s psychedelic, anachronistic, and-- because significant portions occur inside David’s head-- sometimes disorienting. 

And to an extent, this disorientation is important to the viewing experience. 

Because David has been shown to have been blocked off from parts of his own memory and personality, he is taken to be an unreliable narrator of sorts. But because of the cinematic and stylistic illusions, we are also left to be unreliable viewers. We don’t understand what we see and can’t see past David’s confusion to make sense of the plot. We don’t have a time and place, so we don’t know how it all fits, and we discover as David achieves clarity.

The prominent use of typography and bright, blocked colors-- especially associated with specific characters-- are reminiscent of comic book style illustrations. Clean-lined, geometric and non-hospital white environments are used to remind us that, while the characters do get banged up now and then, this is not a blood-and-guts show. Combat happens on an entirely different plane than it does in the X-Men’s regular fair. 

These environments also serve as a canvas against which dramatic scenes may be bathed all in one color. Perhaps the best example of this comes in the finale, in which the examination room is bathed in bright red when the Shadow King takes over Syd and Kerry’s consciousnesses instead of David’s, eluding capture. 

They mark shifts in mood, solidifying transitions in the story we may not pick up on by plot alone. But perhaps these consuming uses of color are also an ironic reference to how we are likely to perceive the superhero product: there are the good guys and the bad guys and not much in-between. But David and the Shadow King prove the gray exists, even if we don’t recognize it at the beginning. 

Of course, these examples are just skimming the surface of how graphic and story interact to build the world and characters of “Legion” in a completely different way than Marvel’s previous product, and it will be interesting to see how this stylization sticks. Will the show continue to build on these techniques in the next season, even though some of the ambiguity will be gone from the plot? Or, on an even larger scale, does this signal a sharper artistic change within the Marvel universe’s smaller projects altogether, showing newly nuanced worlds in which heroes and villains may romp? 

[bigyack-com]

The U.S. Shut Down Its Economy. Here’s What Needs to Happen in Order to Restart.

WASHINGTON — The American economy has stopped working.We’re going to try turning it off and back on again.With confirmed cases of the coronavirus escalating rapidly, government officials have almost overnight switched off activity in large sectors of the United States. They want as few people as possible in close contact with one another in order to slow the pandemic, which may be even more widespread than official statistics suggest.The federal government has discouraged gatherings of 10 or more people. California told 40 million residents to leave the house only for absolute necessities. Bars, shopping malls, dine-in restaurants and a host of other businesses are closing across the country. Millions of people have been laid off, or are about to be.Just as there is a public health strategy driving the government orders closing businesses and limiting daily activity outside the home, there is also an economic strategy for putting large parts of the economy on ice. It requires aggressive action by the federal government, funded by what would be the most expansive borrowing the country has seen since World War II.Whether the United States looks back at those job cuts as a quick blip of prevention or a devastating spiral into an economic depression depends a lot on what Congress and President Trump do in the next few days.Here’s what economists say needs to happen.

Aim to put the ‘v’ in ‘recovery.’

The United States is already falling into a sharp economic contraction: It is producing far fewer goods and services now than it did a month or a quarter ago. That contraction will persist as long as businesses are unable to open and people are not able to work. This is not happening because of any choices those workers or businesses made; it’s a mandate from the government that has frozen a lot of economic activity.At some point — possibly when a vaccine for the virus comes to market, or possibly as soon as the rate of infection starts declining and widespread testing allows for more confidence that another surge is not imminent — governments will lift their restrictions and activity will start to thaw.Ideally, it would thaw quickly, with shops and restaurants reopening, workers rehired, factory production lines restarted and people spending money on things they didn’t need or couldn’t buy during the freeze. In that situation, the economy would grow much faster for a while than it normally does, as consumers unleash their pent-up demand.Economists call that a “V-shaped” recovery, because growth plunges and then shoots up. It’s what they’re aiming for now, but it could be hard to pull off.“What a recession from something like this should look like is a sudden stop and recovery,” said R. Glenn Hubbard, a Columbia University economist who was a top White House economist for President George W. Bush. “What could happen, though, is a doom loop.”

Extend companies a very large lifeline.

The “doom loop” that Mr. Hubbard and many other economists fear describes a situation in which an even moderately protracted shutdown of economic activity permanently kills waves of small businesses — and possibly entire industries, like airlines — that cannot survive very long without customers.A typical small business in the United States does not have enough cash on hand to cover even a month of expenses if its revenues are completely disrupted, according to research by the JPMorgan Chase Institute. In minority communities, where profit margins are often narrower, the typical cash reserve is even smaller.Economists say that means Congress needs to act boldly, and fast, to keep money flowing to business owners to ensure they can reopen when the crisis abates.There are several possible ways to try to do that.Steven Hamilton, an economist at George Washington University who has been one of the loudest public voices calling for aggressive assistance to small businesses, and Stan Veuger of the American Enterprise Institute, want banks to offer loans to cover lost revenues for small businesses — and for the federal government to forgive the loans if the companies don’t lay off workers. Mr. Hubbard and Michael R. Strain of the American Enterprise Institute have a similar proposal.Adam Ozimek, the chief economist at Upwork, and John Lettieri, the president of the Economic Innovation Group in Washington, want the government to guarantee loans with little or no interest that small businesses would pay back over a long period, regardless of whether they lay off workers. Mr. Ozimek said it would be wrong not to help companies that have already been forced into layoffs by government decisions and delays in a federal response.“When the government is this late to the party,” he said, “they shouldn’t punish small businesses who acted fast.”Economists stress that a successful program would be expensive: $1 trillion or more. Mr. Hubbard said a $300 billion loan program, as Senate Republicans proposed on Thursday, would be “woefully inadequate.”Mr. Hamilton said this week that he worried members of Congress had “not come to terms with the scale” of what was needed. “Any fiscal package less than $1.5 trillion will be inadequate,” he said, “and frankly lead to a Great Depression-level economic collapse.”

Provide big relief for workers.

Companies are only half the equation. For the shutdown/restart strategy to work, economists say, lawmakers must also keep money flowing to workers affected by the economic chill so they can continue to buy groceries, pay mortgage or rent and seek medical care if they are injured or sick.One way to do that is by helping businesses — and hopefully keeping as many people as possible on payrolls, even if they are not working. But workers who lose jobs or hours will need more direct help.Many economists, including Claudia Sahm of the Washington Center for Equitable Growth and N. Gregory Mankiw and Jason Furman of Harvard University, have called on lawmakers to send checks of $1,000 or more to all Americans as quickly as possible. Both Mr. Trump and Steven Mnuchin, the Treasury secretary, have voiced support for such payments. At least a scaled-back version of that plan is likely to be included in the stimulus bill being negotiated in Congress, with payments headed to low- and middle-income families.But those payments will not be sufficient to cover costs of necessities for people who have suddenly seen their incomes shrink or vanish.For that, economists say, Congress needs an emergency safety net that would sustain income for all workers who are laid off or otherwise hurt by the effects of the virus. Ideally, the economists say, that safety net would aid the public health strategy embedded in the economic shutdowns by paying as many people as possible to stay home from work and practice social distancing.That could mean increased unemployment benefits and more generous paid sick leave fully funded by the government. It could also mean something like what the British government announced Friday: a plan to encourage businesses to keep paying workers by assuming up to 80 percent of their wage costs.“You need an unemployment system that in this moment can pivot to 100 percent reimbursement to 100 percent of people who are not at work,” said Heather Boushey, the president of the Washington Center for Equitable Growth, a think tank focused on inequality and growth. “And wage replacement for people who have hours cut back.”

Don’t think of this as a ‘normal’ rescue.

Americans also need to start thinking of this crisis as different from almost any economic shock before it.Concerns that have guided economists in the past, like whether policies discourage people from working, do not apply in the same way now: It is hard to discourage work in sectors that the government has ordered to shut down. The same may hold for restrictions that some lawmakers want to place on spending any government aid to business, like limiting grants to businesses that keep all their workers on salary, Mr. Lettieri and others say.Joseph S. Vavra, an economist at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, said that policymakers typically try to stimulate consumer demand during a recession and start recovery as quickly as possible. Right now, the goal is almost the opposite.“I don’t think what we’re trying to do is to get people to go out and shop,” he said. “What we’re trying to do is provide some assistance to households so they can sit and home and don’t have to go out and shop.”The better parallel here might be World War II. The government is trying to win a fight against a pandemic. That will mean spending big on the battlefront — public health efforts, like ventilators and masks — and asking personal and economic sacrifices from individuals to defeat the virus and get life back to normal again.Ben Casselman and Neil Irwin contributed reporting. Read the full article

[gyrlversion]

Drug dealer and mother jailed after police chase with child in the car

Mother-of-three, 25, and drug dealer are jailed after leading police on terrifying 86mph rush-hour chase with her five-year-old child in their car

Natasha Graham and Stephen Irwin led police on a chase through Carlisle

Irwin, 32, reached speeds of 86mph and drove on the wrong side of the road

The pair, with Steven Kidd, were later found to be part of a drugs operation

The trio pleaded guilty and were handed lengthy jail sentences

By Jack Newman For Mailonline

Published: 12:52 EDT, 30 March 2019 | Updated: 13:44 EDT, 30 March 2019

A drug dealer and a young mother-of-three who were involved in a terrifying high speed chase with the police with her five-year-old child in their car have been jailed.

Stephen Irwin, 32, reached speeds of 86mph on residential roads and veered into the face of oncoming traffic in Cumbria.

Natasha Graham, 25, and her child were passengers in the Saab Irwin was driving at the time of the pursuit. 

A cyclist was forced to jump on to a grass verge to avoid being hit and officers following Irwin had to abandon the pursuit as they were concerned for public safety, Carlisle Crown Court heard. 

Natasha Graham (left), Stephen Irwin (centre) and Steven Kidd (right) have been jailed for selling Class A drugs. Irwin led police on a high speed chase with a child in the car

Police videoed Irwin as he turned right into oncoming traffic at the M6 Junction 44 roundabout to drive north along the A7 towards Longtown, Cumbria.

The court heard Irwin exceeded 70mph as he swerved between traffic and forced the cyclist to dive out of the way.

The car was later found abandoned in a field having crashed through a fence.

In the days after the chase, Irwin booked into a Carlisle hotel with Graham and together they operated a lucrative drug dealing operation, the court heard.

A third person, Steven Kidd, was also jailed for supplying cocaine. 

Prosecutor Gerard Rogerson outlined how Irwin reached up to 86mph as he fled from police during rush-hour.

Judge Peter Davies at Carlisle Crown Court was shown a series of video clips of Irwin’s driving as he fled from police at about 5pm on February 1.

The judge said: ‘God only knows how a catastrophe was averted.

‘It was an appalling piece of driving from someone with two previous convictions for dangerous driving.’

Mr Rogerson said staff at the County Hotel in Carlisle became suspicious of their drug activity after the pair booked two rooms which then began receiving a constant stream of visitors over the following days.

Graham and Irwin aroused staff’s suspicion at the County Hotel in Carlisle after they received a stream of visitors. Police found a rock of cocaine in one of their hotel rooms worth nearly £5,000

In one of the rooms, police found a 46.6g rock of cocaine which had a potential street value just below £5,000.

Police officers also seized £1,313 in cash from Irwin and £230 from Graham.

Irwin admitted dangerous driving on February 1, as well as possessing cocaine with intent to supply.

Graham admitted two counts of possessing cocaine with intent to supply.

Police also found digital scales and a number of snap bags used by dealers for storing drugs at their home.

Kidd was arrested on December 29 when police saw Graham dropping him off in Botchergate, Carlisle.

When he was searched, police found he was carrying nine snap bags of cocaine, worth between £265 and £360.

He pleaded guilty to supplying cocaine and possessing the class A drug with intent to supply.

He committed both offences in late December 2017. 

Irwin was jailed for seven and a half years and disqualified him from driving for 69 months, stipulating that he must take an extended retest before driving unaccompanied.

Graham was jailed for three years and nine months and Kidd for three and a half years.

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Architecture School Nyc

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[tortuga-aak]

It's time for the State Department to stop throwing money at Facebook

Spencer Platt/Getty Images

At the State Department, Facebook is a central feature of U.S. efforts to advance diplomacy through social media.

A former State Department employee describes how Facebook can play into the hands of terrorists and enemies around the world. 

The US government must be wary of how it uses Facebook in increasingly precarious times. 

The use of social media by foreign agents to destabilize the 2016 U.S. presidential election has received increasing attention over the past few months. As we learn the extent of Russia’s manipulation on all social media platforms, it is time for the Donald Trump administration to make some tough choices about public diplomacy, and the use of Facebook in particular.

One of the most eye-opening moments of my time as the deputy assistant secretary for digital strategy at the U.S. State Department occurred on a trip to the country of Georgia, aimed at helping the government build its digital capacity to better serve its population. Our message was the same advice we’d given to countless governments: Focus on Facebook. It was the dominant player. Elites tended to use Twitter. Google ads were worth it if you had the money.

But for governments wanting to reach real people on a global scale, Facebook was the scalable, smart solution. The government of Georgia was doing everything right: great content produced by a small team. But what we learned was that their efforts online were being systematically thwarted by the Russian aggression they saw on their borders and in their economy.

RFERLIncendiary and often fake content being posted by RT, Sputnik, and pro-Russia nongovernmental organizations in the country would often outshine responsible content.

The lack of engagement on their posts meant the people of Georgia simply weren’t seeing what their government was telling them because it wasn’t showing up in their feed. They were seeing only the criticism coming from outside groups — and that’s what they believed. Little did I know I’d soon see the same tactics in my own country.

At the State Department, Facebook was and still is a central feature of U.S. efforts to advance diplomacy through social media. We reached 30 million people every day on our platforms. We honed and targeted our messages to make sure American ideas were represented in the local context of every embassy in the world. It is one of the most useful and cost-effective instruments of American power and promoting our ideas. Every American embassy in the world has an account — more likely multiple accounts.

We aren’t alone. In my time at the State Department, use of social media went from being an innovative American concept of public diplomacy to standard fare. Almost every foreign government — save a handful — have a presence on Facebook and their embassies use Facebook as a primary source to communicate. To be sure, we used other platforms, but Facebook was a must.

Facebook was a willing partner in a way that outpaced other platforms. The Facebook team innovated in ways relevant to public diplomacy professionals and that other social media sites did not: They built trainings and developed tools that made our lives easier.

They promoted democratic participation in elections around the world by hosting debates. After all, we shared a common goal: In 2014, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg made it his mission to connect the world, and diplomats championed the idea of a space where people could connect outside of the confines of restrictive and hostile governments and social constraints.

But these new opportunities to convene groups and discuss big ideas came with a downside. The Islamic State was using social media tools to recruit. The Syrian Electronic Army was hacking a revolution. Oppressive governments were arresting people for posts on private groups.

Although our diplomatic objective was to connect people to each other, we had to acknowledge that Facebook was the essential middleman. Through its powerful algorithms, Facebook was deciding what people saw. By Facebook’s own statistics, the average Facebook user receives 300 pieces of content in their network each day, but they only look at 30. Deciding what goes at the top made Facebook a very powerful editor.

Thomson ReutersThen came Ukraine. We championed a global effort to unite Western governments through social media support for the pro-democracy protestors there — but behind the scenes we watched as fake posts about illegal immigration sought to justify the presence of Russian soldiers in the Crimea.

We read accounts of troll farms and heard from foreign governments that once saw Facebook as a key tool for communicating and were now being virtually buried in the deluge of fake content.

We didn’t stand idle. We made efforts to counter the fake news we saw but had to face facts: Would the U.S. government really be seen as a credible arbiter of news and information in Eastern Europe? Entities like Voice of America moved forward with new programs and targeted efforts, but we moved too slowly. Russia knew all of the tricks we knew.

They knew how to promote content, but they were also willing to pay in ways Western governments answering to taxpayers could not. They also didn’t just pay for ads. They paid for people to create fake personas. They took over floundering NGOs that seemed legitimate and promoted content through them.

After my trip to Georgia, I came back and sounded an alarm bell inside the State Department: The Russians were using Facebook to undermine Georgia’s democracy, just like we’d seen in Ukraine, and we could bet they were doing it elsewhere.

Our top diplomats were receptive — after all, they were hearing it from top diplomats in the region. But they didn’t understand Facebook and algorithms. I was talking to them about propaganda when they were talking troop movements and constitutional crises. It just didn’t make it to the top of the priority list.

I also went to Facebook. I was passed down the chain until finally I sat down with a representative in Europe. I was told that Facebook was egalitarian and that algorithms didn’t judge. Anyone could post anything, anyone could buy ads, and the community would be the arbiter of truth. In Facebook’s defense, I didn’t have a solution, but I knew we needed the company’s help. Whether it be in the State Department or at Facebook, there was interest and concern, but not much clarity as to what step to take next.

Hindsight is 20/20, and we now know that we all should have done more, but it isn’t too late to make the big policy decisions that need to be made about the future of diplomacy, the use of Facebook in particular, and social media more generally.

Surely, if we suspected that a major weapons system was manipulated and used against the United States to turn missiles toward Peoria instead of Pyongyang, we’d cancel the contract, cut ties, and seek legal action — regardless of whether the company knew it was happening or not.

GettyBut cutting ties with Facebook isn’t even a question right now. In fact, ad buys on Facebook and Google are increasing throughout the State Department even in the wake of these revelations, because embassies need to reach people.

The problem in this case is that diplomats need Facebook more than it needs them. The fact is that in the age of digital commerce, governments aren’t their biggest customers. But asking Facebook to shift gears for the good of humanity isn’t enough. A policy decision needs to be made.

When it comes to diplomatic interests, do the fake accounts, manipulation, and bad actors on the platform matter more than the millions upon millions of daily users who have the potential to see American policy ideas? After all, these users also buy American goods, watch American movies, and benefit from our science and education systems.

In September, U.S. President Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Irwin Steven Goldstein as under secretary for public diplomacy at the State Department. He would be a key player in the effort to push back against Russian disinformation efforts around the world and in the United States. I would ask him three things:

First, that he support a series of formal State Department working groups on Russian disinformation and computational propaganda.

There are informal meetings, but typically a formal working group is convened in support of a broader government effort to combat this kind of affront to our democracy. The group should look at questions of use for diplomatic purposes, if the institution is poised to combat the attacks, how social media companies can be allies in the effort.

Second, that he advocate to the secretary of state and the National Security Council for a standing interagency policy committee on the same topics that would include cybersecurity, intelligence, homeland security, and diplomatic experts from throughout the government.

The truth is that American democracy has been attacked, and our allies have been attacked, using platforms owned by American companies. Without a full assessment and plan of action from the White House, nothing will change. If leaders aren’t willing to fix it, they shouldn’t be given the job.

Third, that he commit to suspending State Department spending on all social media platform ads until such time as a comprehensive approach can be determined. The taxpayers at least deserve a conversation and a justification for this expenditure, and it would provide the guidance needed for our embassies around the world.

Social media was a game-changer for diplomacy. Its benefits can’t be underestimated. We’re connected in ways we’ve never been connected before. We have created communities that didn’t exist previously. We owe a great deal of that opportunity to Facebook. In my time in government, diplomats rushed to Silicon Valley to meet with tech leaders and to celebrate these advances with the strong encouragement of the State Department, but we didn’t do enough to address the downsides.

When we did ask for help from social media companies around issues such as Islamic State recruitment, we got it, but we didn’t do enough to educate these companies that their platforms could be handmaidens to the destruction of democracy. It’s time to take responsibility for what we did and what we didn’t do. We also need to demand accountability from Facebook and other social media companies, but stop short of placing the responsibility for the solution solely in their laps.

NOW WATCH: What it's like to fly on North Korea's one-star airline

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[tannertoctoo-blog]

July 19, 2017

Environmental Ethics, Vol. 38, #4, 2016 Erkenntnis, Vol. 82, #4, 2017 FPQ: Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 3, #2, 2017 Journal of Nietzsche Studies, Vol. 48, #2, 2017 Journal of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 46, #4, 2017 Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 113, #12, 2016 Journal of Practical Ethics, Vol. 5, #1, 2017 Journal of the History of Philosophy, Vol. 55, #3, 2017 Mind, Vol. 126, #502, 2017 Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics, Vol. 6, 2016 Philosophy Compass, Vol. 12, #7, 2017 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 95, #1, 2017

Environmental Ethics, Vol. 38, #4, 2016 News and Notes Features Tom Dedeurwaerdere, Benjamin Six. Toward a Broadened Ethical Pluralism in Environmental Ethics: From Bryan Norton’s Discursive Ethics to William James’ Experiential Pluralism. Lantz Fleming Miller. Individual Responsibility for Environmental Degradation: The Moral and Practical Route to Change. Discussion Papers Lawrence E. Cahoone. Is Stellar Nucleosynthesis a Good Thing? Vincent Blok. Thinking the Earth: Critical Reflections on Quentin Meillassoux’s and Heidegger’s Concept of the Earth. Brendan Mahoney. Engaging the Sublime without Distance: Environmental Ethics and Aesthetic Experience. Neall Pogue. The Religious Right’s Compassionate Steward and Conservationist: The Lost Philosophies of Pat Robertson. Book Reviews Steven Fesmire reviews Bryan G. Norton's Sustainable Values, Sustainable Change: A Guide to Environmental Decision Making. Bernard Daley Zaleha reviews Lucas F. Johnston's Religion and Sustainability: Social Movements and the Politics of the Environment. Jeremy Bendik-Keymer reviews Steven Vogel's Thinking like a Mall: Environmental Philosophy after the End of Nature. Referees 2016 and Index. Back to top

Erkenntnis, Vol. 82, #4, 2017 Original Research Daniel Enrique Kalpokas. Experience and Justification: Revisiting McDowell’s Empiricism. Colin R. Caret. The Collapse of Logical Pluralism has been Greatly Exaggerated. Christian Lowe. Boltzmannian Immortality. Jesse R. Steinberg, Alan M. Steinberg. A Multiply Qualified Conditional Analysis of Disposition Ascription: Mapping the Conceptual Topography of Ceteris Paribus. James DiFrisco. Time Scales and Levels of Organization. Jan Almäng. An Argument for Shape Internalism. Gregg D. Caruso, Stephen G. Morris. Compatibilism and Retributivist Desert Moral Responsibility: On What is of Central Philosophical and Practical Importance. Joshua Spencer. Counting on Strong Composition as Identity to Settle the Special Composition Question. Sander Verhaegh. Blurring Boundaries: Carnap, Quine, and the Internal–External Distinction. David Alexander. Unjustified Defeaters. Gil Sagi. Contextualism, Relativism and the Liar. Lorraine Juliano Keller. Against Naturalized Cognitive Propositions. Back to top  

FPQ: Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 3, #2, 2017 Symposium on Catharine A. MacKinnon's Toward a Feminist Theory of the State Articles Lori Watson. Introduction: Symposium on Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Twenty-Five Years Later Catharine MacKinnon. Feminism, and Continental Philosophy: Comments on Toward a Feminist Theory of the State—Twenty-Five Years Later. Natalie Nenadic. 'We Must Find Words or Burn': Speaking Out against Disciplinary Silencing. Susan J. Brison. On the Politics of Coalition. Elena Ruíz and Kristie Dotson. Judging Women: Twenty-Five Years Further Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Clare Chambers. Response to Five Philosophers: Toward a Feminist Theory of the State Some Decades Later. Catharine A. MacKinnon. Response to Five Philosophers: Toward a Feminist Theory of the State Some Decades Later. Back to top  

Journal of the History of Philosophy, Vol. 55, #3, 2017 Books That Shaped the Historiography of Philosophy Paul Guyer. The Bounds of Sense and the Limits of Analysis. Articles Carlo Davia. Aristotle and the Endoxic Method. Ruth Boeker. Locke on Personal Identity: A Response to the Problems of His Predecessors. Lawrnece Pasternack. Restoring Kant’s Conception of the Highest Good. Christopher Yeomans. Perspectives without Privileges: The Estates in Hegel’s Political Philosophy. Colin Koopman. The Will, the will to Believe, and William James: An Ethics of Freedom as Self-Transformation. Fabio Gironi. A Kantian Disagreement between Father and Son: Roy Wood Sellars and Wilfrid Sellars on the Categories. Book Reviews David Ebrey reviews The Possibility of Inquiry: Meno's Paradox from Socrates to Sextus by Gail Fine. Jakob Leth Fink reviews Levels of Argument: A Comparative Study of Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics by Dominic Scott. Stephen D. Dumont reviews On Being and Cognition: Ordinatio by John Duns Scotus. Mary Sirridge reviews Nicholas of Amsterdam: Commentary on the Old Logic by Egbert P. Bos. Erik De Bom reviews Truth and Irony: Philosophical Meditations on Erasmus by Terence J. Martin. Andreas Blank reviews Julius Caesar Scaliger, Renaissance Reformer of Aristotelianism: A Study of His Exotericae Exercitationes by Kuni Sakamoto. Yitzhak Y. Melamed reviews The Influence of Abraham Cohen de Herrera's Kabbalah on Spinoza's Metaphysics by Miquel Beltràn. Michael A. Rosenthal reviews The Collected Works of Spinoza by Benedictus de Spinoza. Kristen Irwin reviews Bayle, Jurieu, and the Dictionnaire Historique et Critique by Mara van der Lugt. F. Scott Scribner reviews Fichte's Addresses to the German Nation Reconsidered ed. by Daniel Breazeale and Tom Rockmore. Lawrence J. Hatab reviews Nietzsche's Earth: Great Events, Great Politics by Gary Shapiro. Andrew Bowie reviews Adorno and Existence by Peter E. Gordon. Books Received Back to top  

Journal of Nietzsche Studies, Vol. 48, #2, 2017 Abbreviations and Citations of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Works Proceedings from The North American Nietzsche Society Paul Katsafanas. NANS Editorial Note. Christopher Janaway. On the Very Idea of “Justifying Suffering”. Beatrix Himmelmann. Nietzsche’s Ethics of Power and the Ideas of Right, Justice, and Dignity Matt Dill. On Parasitism and Overflow in Nietzsche’s Doctrine of Will to Power. Akshay Ganesh. Nietzsche on Honor and Empathy. Daniel I. Harris. Nietzsche and Aristotle on Friendship and Self-Knowledge. Patrick Hassan. Does Rarity Confer Value?: Nietzsche on the Exceptional Individual. Book Reviews Interanimations: Receiving Modern German Philosophy by Robert B. Pippin, and: Nietzsche, Psychology, and First Philosophy by Robert B. Pippin. Review by Christopher Fowles. Nietzsche and The Birth of Tragedy by Paul Raimond Daniels. Review by Vinod Acharya. Nietzsche, Tension, and the Tragic Disposition by Matthew Tones Review by Elisabeth Flucher. Nietzsche nella Rivoluzione conservatrice ed. by Francesco Cattaneo, Carlo Gentili, and Stefano Marino. Review by Selena Pastorino. Nietzsche and Dostoevsky: On the Verge of Nihilism by Paolo Stellino. Review by Christoph Schuringa.  Back to top

Journal of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 46, #4, 2017 Original Papers Nicholas Asher, Soumya Paul, Antoine Venant. Message Exchange Games in Strategic Contexts. Richard Booth, Jake Chandler. The Irreducibility of Iterated to Single Revision. Ken Akiba. A Unification of Two Approaches to Vagueness: The Boolean Many-Valued Approach and the Modal-Precisificational Approach. Andrew Tedder. On Structural Features of the Implication Fragment of Frege’s Grundgesetze. Elisa Paganini. Vague Objects within Classical Logic and Standard Mereology, and without Indeterminate Identity. Back to top

Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 113, #12, 2016 Articles Wade Munroe. Words on Psycholinguistics. Andrea Iacona. Two Notions of Logical Form. New Books Back to top  

Journal of Practical Ethics, Vol. 5, #1, 2017 Articles Lea Ypi. Structural Injustice and the Place of Attachment. Stephen M. Gardiner. Accepting Collective Responsibility for the Future. Masaki Ichinose. The Death Penalty Debate: Four Problems and New Philosophical Perspectives. Back to top

Mind, Vol. 126, #502, 2017 Articles Donovan Wishon. Russellian acquainatace and Frege’s Puzzle. Luca Incurvati; Julien Murzi. Maximally Consistent Sets of Instances of Naive Comprehension. Igor Douven; Lieven Decock. What Verities May Be. Daniel Waxman. Deflationism, Arithmetic, and the Argument from Conservativeness. Jack Spencer. Able to Do the Impossible. Stephan Krämer. Everything, and Then Some. Anil Gomes. Naïve Realism In Kantian Phrase. Discussions Jake Chandler. Preservation, Commutativity and Modus Ponens: Two Recent Triviality Results. Richard Bradley. Supporters and Underminers: Reply to Chandler. Hans Rott. Preservation and Postulation: Lessons from the New Debate on the Ramsey Test. Book Reviews The Logical Structure of Kinds, by Eric Funkhouser. Review by Joseph Laporte. The Possibility of Inquiry: Meno’s Paradox from Socrates to Sextus, by Gail Fine. Review by David Bronstein. Aesthetics as Philosophy of Perception, by Bence Nanay. Review by Ophelia Deroy. Persons, Interests, and Justice, by Nils Holtug. Review by Tim Campbell. Between Probability and Certainty: What Justifies Belief, by Martin Smith. Review by Kelly Becker. Back to top

Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics, Vol. 6, 2016 (located on Tanner New Journal shelf) Acknowledgments // List of Contributors Introduction by Mark Timmons Articles Stephen Darwall: Taking Account of Character and Being an Accountable Person. Claudia Card: Taking Pride in Being Bad. Kate Abramson: Character as a Mode of Evaluation. Jack Woods: The Normative Force of Promising. Hallie Liberto: Promissory Obligation: Against a Unified Account. Susan Wolf: Two Concepts of Rule Utilitarianism. David Schmitz: After Solipsism. Barry Maguire: Extrinsic Value and the Separability of Reasons. Kenneth Walden: The Relativity of Ethical Explanation. Paul Hurley: Two Senses of Moral Verdict and Moral Overridingness. Erich Hatala Matthes: Love in Spite of. Gilbert Harman: Moral Reasoning. Index Back to top

Philosophy Compass, Vol. 12, #7, 2017 Naturalistic Philosophy John Turri. Experimental work on the norms of assertion. Marco J. Nathan and Guillermo Del Pinal. The Future of Cognitive Neuroscience? Reverse Inference in Focus. Philosophy of Religion Michael Almeida. Theistic Modal Realism I: The Challenge of Theistic Actualism. Michael Almeida. Theistic Modal Realism II: Theoretical Benefits. Bronwyn Finnigan. Buddhism and animal ethics. Back to top

Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 95, #1, 2017 Articles Peter Millican. Hume’s Fork, and his Theory of Relations. Ryan Wasserman. Vagueness and the Laws of Metaphysics. Simon M. Huttegger. Inductive Learning in Small and Large Worlds. Jonas Åkerman. Indexicals and Reference-Shifting: Towards a Pragmatic Approach. Weng Hong Tang. Transparency and Partial Beliefs. Una Stojnić. One's Modus Ponens: Modality, Coherence and Logic. Book Symposium : Outside Color Mazviita Chirimuuta. Précis of Outside Color. Joshua Gert. Outside Color from Just Outside. Anil Gupta. M. Chirimuuta's Adverbialism about Color. Mohan Matthen. Realism, Relativism, Adverbialism: How Different are they? Comments on Mazviita Chirimuuta's Outside Color. Mazviita Chirimuuta. Replies. Back to top

[nypaenergy]

Summer Intern Series

New York Power Authority’s (NYPA) intern program provides top college students with the opportunity to gain broad experience working for the nation’s largest public power organization.

Wing Tak Kong

Wing Tak Kong is a rising senior at CUNY City College of New York, studying Electrical Engineering with a focus in power industry.  He is a Design and Drafting Intern at NYPA’s headquarters in White Plains, NY.

“I originally chose my major because I wanted an in depth knowledge of how electrical systems function," says Kong. After taking courses involving power systems, he has become more interested in the power engineering field.

Kong, who has a strong desire to contribute to fight climate change, is also intrigued by “the up and coming 5G technology that can be incorporated into the power industry.” He believes that, “renewable energy and energy efficiency should warrant the most attention in the energy industry due to climate changes.”

During his internship with NYPA, Kong said his goal is to "learn as much as [he] can about the power industry.” He looks forward to gaining more hands-on experience while working in the power industry. “I chose NYPA because it is the perfect place for me to learn and be a part of a great company that contributes to communities on such a grand scale.”

The most rewarding accomplishment so far, according to Kong, is “being able to be a part of the company that’s focusing on energy efficiency and renewable energy.”

Benny LaMarca

Benny LaMarca is a rising senior, studying Information Systems at Pace University. He is a Developmental Intern in the Network Services department at NYPA’s headquarters in White Plains, NY. 

LaMarca chose to study network services because he's extremely passionate about technology and its impact on the business world. “I really enjoyed the classes that taught us about building and maintaining databases. In these classes, I learned how to use SQL and found it very useful.” 

With regard to current trends in the energy industry, LaMarca believes the transition towards more renewable energy warrants attention as it is “creating many opportunities for the security of the global energy infrastructure.” 

His goal while Interning at NYPA this summer is to learn as much as possible while developing professional relationships with his coworkers. “I chose NYPA because it is a well-represented company that offers many great opportunities. The employees at NYPA seem to truly love working here.” 

In just a few years’ time, LaMarca envisions himself in a Project Management position.

Vinay Kumar

Vinay Kumar is pursuing his master’s degree at Stony Brook University. He is a Developmental Intern in the Mechanical Maintenance department at NYPA’s office in Astoria. 

Kumar is majoring in Mechanical Engineering. “I picked this major because I’ve always been interested in how things work and the science behind them.” He explains how, “even at a very young age, I used to take things apart and put them back together.” 

Of all his classes, he’s enjoyed Thermodynamics and Machine Elements the most because “they had many practical applications using everyday problems.” 

In terms of current industry trends, Kumar believes we should be actively searching for clean alternative energy sources in order to lessen our carbon footprint and impact on the environment. 

While Interning with NYPA, his goal is to develop a better understanding of the energy industry while utilizing his classroom knowledge in a practical, real-life application. “What better way to gain hands-on experience than to be interning at a power plant? 

I chose NYPA because of its reputation and position as the largest state public power organization in the country.” 

Five years down the road, Kumar sees himself with a PE license or close to obtaining one, while working as a mechanical engineer at NYPA.

Yen Le

Yen Le is a graduate student at Columbia Business School and Columbia School of International and Public Affairs. She is a Developmental Intern in the Asset Management group at NYPA’s headquarters in White Plains, NY. 

Le has a dual degree in business and policy, with a focus on global energy policy and management. She enjoys courses focused on social impact. 

In terms of current industry trends, Le believes we should focus our attention on "the actions that the industry is taking to mitigate and adapt to climate change." This includes the “shift to renewables,” she adds. 

“My goal is to gain a better understanding of the operations and functions of an electric utility, and NYPA was my top choice since it is the largest state utility.”

Joshua Maldonado

Joshua Maldonado is a rising junior pursuing his degree in computer engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology. He works in the Infrastructure and Core Services Operations group in NYPA’s headquarters in White Plains, NY. 

“I chose this major because it provides me a very broad future with many different career opportunities." So far, Maldonado has enjoyed Design Class the most, where he worked in groups throughout the semester to build a project using the skills learned in other classes. 

“My goal is to gain the experience needed to be successful in the technology field in the future. 

I chose NYPA because they offered a wide range of internship opportunities,” he explains. “This allows me to learn about many different departments in a company.” 

 In the near future, Maldonado sees himself “working closely with a group of friends to create something that the world needs.”

Michael Irwin

Michael Irwin recently graduated from Rochester Institute of Technology. He is a Developmental Intern in the Safety group at NYPA’s office in Niagara. 

Irwin holds a degree in Environmental Sustainability, Health and Safety. “I picked it because it is a growing area that I care a lot about and offers a large variety of opportunities.” The classes he enjoyed most were: Sustainable Communities, Occupational Health and Safety, and Hydrology. 

With regard to current industry trends, Irwin believes that “the residential solar power products such as the solar roof shingles being created by Elon Musk, is something that warrants attention.” 

His goals during his internship with NYPA are to learn as much as possible while making improvements in the safety culture. 

“I chose NYPA because it was a great opportunity to learn and be able to utilize the skills and knowledge that I acquired from school.” 

Looking ahead, Irwin envisions a future where he is “settled into a full time job (hopefully someplace warm) and working on paying off student loans.” 

Where role models are concerned, Irwin’s grandpa is his hero because he taught him to always work hard and never quit.

[castawaystv]

hi babes!! i’m online all day to answer questions and accept apps ! we just did a major activity check and opened up some popular face claims like jessey stevens, harry styles, madison beer, ashton irwin, jack gilinsky, and many more !! we’re currently working on a large scale event and have a lot more planned, so we’d love to see you around !!