#climate change and food security essay

[seekergkfan]

ESSAY: Climate Change and Food Security

ESSAY: Climate Change and Food Security (Understanding the Link and Urgency for Action) OUTLINE: I. Introduction A. Explanation of climate change and food security B. Interlinkage between climate change and food security C. Importance and urgency of the topic D. Thesis statement “Climate change poses significant challenges to food security, affecting agricultural productivity, food availability,…

[readingthroughtheapocalypse]

Read 13/08/23 - 18/08/23.

I want to preface by saying holy shit I honestly thought I would ‘t have a heap to say about this book when I started, but then I started working on this review as I was reading it and at about a quarter through the book I found I couldn’t fucking shut up and it turned into a genuine fucking essay lol. This honestly could’ve been so much longer bc so many chapters as I got further and further in just totally wowed me. Clearly I’m missing being at uni. Ten million points to anyone who reads it all the way through.

5 stars. ‘Eating to Extinction’ is an ambitious and incredibly interesting piece of work, that explores the very timely issue of critically endangered, rare, and vanishing foods, frm certain grains to meats and fish, to vegetables and fruits, etc etc. Saladino’s exploration of the dwindling variety of foods that were once vital to human diets and health and biodiversity more generally is both enlightening and thought-provoking, and he makes a powerful case fr the urgency of preserving these foods in our modern world.

The book is a stark demonstration of how only a handful of the hugely numerous of foods once consumed by humans have survived today. Saladino’s argument fr the significance of preserving these foods in the face of extinction is compelling, and his passion fr the subject shines through. As he explains, one significant argument fr preserving rare and vanishing foods is their potential contribution to biodiversity and ecological balance, as, fr instance, many of these foods possess unique genetic traits that could be crucial fr adapting to changing environmental conditions as a result of climate change and global warming, or even on a slightly smaller scale fr developing disease-resistant crops. By safeguarding these foods, we can maintain a valuable resource fr future agricultural innovation and environmental sustainability.

One thing Saladino kept turning to that I hadn’t really heard about before was the “Green Revolution,” a period of significant advancements in agricultural technology and practices that took place in the mid-20th century. It involved the development and introduction of high-yielding crop varieties, along w improved irrigation and farming techniques. These changes aimed to increase agricultural productivity and help address food shortages, particularly in developing countries. However, the Green Revolution had a major impact on global food production, and while it supposedly played a crucial role in reducing hunger and improving food security, it also had a number of incredibly negative impacts on biodiversity. As Saladino explains, the focus on a few high-yielding crop varieties led to the widespread adoption of monocultures, where large swathes of land (such as in the Amazon) were planted w the same type of crop, fr example a single variety of corn or wheat. This shift away frm diverse local crops reduced the genetic diversity of plants in those regions, and similarly, the use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, and irrigation practices had unintended consequences on the environment, as excessive use of these inputs often led to soil degradation, water pollution, and harm to non-target organisms, including beneficial insects and soil microorganisms. Traditional crop varieties and farming practices also were often abandoned in favour of the new high-yielding varieties, leading to the loss of unique local plant varieties and the age-old knowledge associated w them, and this further contributed to a decrease in biodiversity. As Saladino says in his chapter on the tuber oca, “Across the Andes, Emshwiller has seen other farmers abandon rotation systems for monocultures in which they attempt to grow the same crop on the same land year after year. This usually results in them using more pesticides and, as the soil becomes exhausted, they have to bring in fertilisers. In this way, they had lost not only ancient varieties of oca, but also the complex system that had given them self-sufficiency.”

Another engaging aspect was on the overall importance of knowing the origins of the food we eat. Fr one, it helps us understand the quality, safety, and sustainability of the food, as by knowing where it comes frm, we can make informed choices about its production methods and environmental impact. Likewise, it also allows us to trace the cultural, historical, and evolutionary aspects of our diets. It provides insights into the ways early societies cultivated, prepared, and consumed food, influencing our present-day food practices.

Take the origins of the chicken, frm its ancestor believed to be the red jungle fowl to the monstrosity that is the modern-day factory farmed chicken. This evolution of the chicken is a significant and complex shift. As Saladino explores, understanding this transformation is crucial bc it allows us to comprehend the factors that led to the development of factory farming practices and their subsequent impact on animal welfare and the environment. By knowing the historical context, we can better assess the ethical and sustainability issues associated w modern poultry production, leading to informed discourse and potential changes in farming practices and consumer behaviour. The accelerated pace of the poultry industry’s development has not only impacted the lifespan of birds but also various aspects of its operations, as the intensification of operations within large poultry systems comes w potential pitfalls.

Consider facilities housing thousands of genetically similar birds, where any mishap can have dire consequences. Despite the supposed introduction of advanced biosecurity measures and close veterinary oversight in many factory farms in developed economies, done to alleviate problems that crop up in these very large and intensive systems, certain industrial approaches to poultry production (like running at speeds of 175 birds slaughtered per minute) is spreading to regions w fewer resources and expertise, raising concerns among animal disease experts who suggest that such expansion could facilitate the emergence of zoonotic diseases, among other harms. The juxtaposition of efficiency-driven production and the vulnerability of such systems highlights the complex trade-offs within the poultry industry’s evolution. As the industry extends its reach to areas w limited safeguards, it underscores the need fr a balanced approach that considers not just economic benefits at the cost of everything, but also potential public health risks and issues of excessive animal cruelty.

In a similar vein, the current landscape we are in of an ever-changing climate requires us to be forward-thinking, and not driven by pure greed. We must not overlook the wisdom of safeguarding the biological tapestry that nature has woven over millions of years, and the homogenisation of the chicken may offer short-term benefits, but it’s far more imperative to consider the long-term implications. Striking a balance between innovation and preservation is a challenge that demands our immediate attention, and as stewards of this planet, we should be prudent enough to recognise that in the complexity of life, diversity holds one of the keys to our own survival.

But moving on, another food that Saladino discussed that I was particularly interested in was on the murnong, a yellow flower w a radish-like root frm southern Australia (I’m frm eastern Australia), and a staple food fr some Aboriginal peoples fr generations upon generations. However, as he explains, the knowledge of this plant’s cultivation and use, as well as the plant itself, was nearly lost due to the impacts of colonisation. Reviving this knowledge, he says, can effectively reconnect Indigenous communities w their cultural heritage and traditions. Likewise, through the Indigenous stewardship of their ancestral lands, it enables the application of traditional ecological knowledge, refined over generations, encouraging sustainable land management practices such as controlled burns and rotational farming, that benefit both the environment and the communities inhabiting them. So, by respecting Indigenous rights and practices, we can acknowledge their deep-rooted connections to the land and contribute to the restoration of balance disrupted by colonial history. As he briefly touches on, preserving Indigenous foods and traditional knowledge and practices is a crucial step towards reconciliation, and one that we all must advocate and fight fr.

However, one of the book’s minor drawbacks lies in its occasional repetitiveness. Saladino often links the various foods he’s exploring in ways that felt at times unnecessary, occasionally veering into monotony. This repetitiveness slightly diminished the otherwise interesting narrative and made certain parts of the book less engaging.

But regardless, the overall impact of Saladino’s research and passionate argument is undeniable. As Saladino says in the epilogue, we must work on reestablishing our deep connection w nature and our commitment to preserving the vanishing wild and diverse foods once so heavily a part of not just our diets but our lives. Embracing these foods wouldn’t just be a personal choice, but a transformative practice that many can and should adopt, even on small scales. According to Saladino, the notion of eating a simple dandelion from one’s lawn can become a symbol of rebellion against the norm, urging us to rediscover the flavours and benefits of wild ingredients. This approach encourages a reconnection w nature and a reimagining of our relationship with food, emphasising the importance of sustainability, diversity, and a harmonious coexistence w the natural world. This book is an incredibly important read fr anyone concerned about the future of not just our food diversity, but of our planet, and the urgent need fr action to repair the harms we have inflicted upon this earth.

Do yrself a favour and read this book!

[betshy]

The Principle of Population: Malthusian Theory

The Principle of Population is a theory introduced by Thomas Malthus in his 1798 work, An Essay on the Principle of Population. Malthus argued that a population will inevitably outgrow its resources, leading to a cycle of population growth and decline. This theory has sparked much debate and controversy over the years, as it has significant implications for our understanding of economics, ecology, and society. Malthus's theory can be summarised as follows: population grows exponentially, while resources grow arithmetically. This means that population increases at a faster rate than the availability of resources such as food, water, and shelter. As a result, competition for resources intensifies, leading to famine, disease, and other forms of population control. Malthus believed that population growth is held in check by two primary factors: preventive checks and positive checks. Preventive checks refer to voluntary actions taken by individuals to limit their family size, such as delayed marriage and contraception. Positive checks, on the other hand, are factors that increase mortality rates, such as war, famine, and disease. Critics of Malthus's theory argue that he underestimated the ability of technology and innovation to increase the availability of resources and improve living standards. They point to the Green Revolution, for example, which dramatically increased agricultural productivity in the mid-20th century. Others argue that population growth is not inherently negative, and that a larger population can lead to increased creativity, productivity, and prosperity. Despite these criticisms, the Principle of Population continues to be a relevant and thought-provoking concept in today's world. As the global population continues to grow at a rapid pace, questions about sustainability, food security, and resource management become increasingly urgent. Climate change and environmental degradation further complicate the relationship between population and resources, highlighting the need for innovative solutions to ensure a sustainable future for all. In conclusion, the Principle of Population remains a significant and contentious theory that has profound implications for our understanding of human society and the natural world. While Malthus's predictions of overpopulation and scarcity have not fully materialised, the challenges of balancing population growth with resource availability persist. It is essential for policymakers, researchers, and individuals alike to consider these issues and work towards creating a more equitable and sustainable future for all. Read the full article

[k3-ias-indore]

What Current Geographical Issues Should You Focus on for UPSC?

The UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) is a highly competitive exam that demands a deep understanding of various subjects, including Geography.  For UPSC aspirants in Indore looking to excel in this crucial subject, staying updated on current geographical issues is important. This blog, written with the guidance of UPSC coaching experts in Indore, will explore the most relevant contemporary geographical concerns you should focus on for your UPSC course preparation.

Why Current Geographical Issues Matter in UPSC

Geography is a dynamic subject with constant changes shaping landscapes, demographics, and geopolitical realities. Focusing on current geographical issues in your UPSC course preparation offers several advantages:

Enhanced Relevance: The UPSC course syllabus emphasizes the contemporary application of geographical knowledge. Understanding current issues demonstrates your ability to analyze and interpret real-world scenarios, impressing examiners.

Stronger Answer Building: By incorporating recent geographical trends and events into your answers, you can showcase in-depth knowledge and provide a well-rounded perspective.

Essay Paper Advantage: Current geographical issues often form the foundation of compelling essay topics. Demonstrating your grasp of these issues can elevate the quality of your essays.

Top Current Geographical Issues for UPSC

Here's a breakdown of some of the most crucial current geographical issues you should prioritize in your UPSC course preparation, along with insights from UPSC coaching institutes in Indore, with specific examples from 2024:

Climate Change and its Impact: Climate change is arguably the most pressing geographical issue of our time.  Focus on understanding its effects on weather patterns like the unprecedented heat waves that swept across India in April 2024, rising sea levels threatening coastal communities, glacial retreat in the Himalayas impacting water resources, and its impact on agriculture, food security, and migration patterns. A UPSC course in Indore can equip you with the latest data and trends in this critical area.

Water Scarcity and Management:  Water scarcity is a growing concern due to population growth, climate change, and unsustainable water use practices. UPSC coaching in Indore can guide you on comprehending water management strategies, transboundary water disputes like the ongoing water-sharing disagreements between India and Pakistan, and initiatives like rainwater harvesting and water conservation being implemented by various states in 2024.

Disaster Management: Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, and cyclones are a recurring threat.  Understanding disaster preparedness, mitigation strategies, and effective response mechanisms is crucial. The best UPSC coaching institutes in Indore can provide insights into recent disaster management practices and policies, such as the learnings from the devastating floods that affected Assam and Bihar in June 2024.

Urbanization and its Challenges: Rapid urbanization presents both opportunities and challenges.  Focus on understanding urban sprawl in cities like Bengaluru and Mumbai, challenges related to slums and inadequate infrastructure, government initiatives for sustainable city planning like the Smart Cities Mission, and their impact on the surrounding environment. Look to UPSC coaching institutes in Indore for guidance on analyzing recent government initiatives and global trends in urbanization.

Geopolitical Issues with a Geographical Context: Geographical factors significantly influence international relations. UPSC coaching in Indore can help you delve into issues like maritime disputes in the South China Sea, border conflicts like the ongoing tensions between India and China at the Line of Actual Control (LAC), resource scarcity and its impact on regional stability, and their geopolitical implications.

Mastering the Geographical Landscape with a UPSC Course in Indore

Given the importance of current geographical issues, enrolling in a reputed UPSC coaching institute in Indore can significantly benefit your UPSC course preparation. These institutes offer:

Experienced Faculty: Expert faculty with a strong understanding of current geographical trends can guide you in effectively incorporating them into your UPSC course preparation.

Comprehensive Study Material: UPSC coaching institutes in Indore provide updated study materials that cover the latest geographical developments, including recent events from 2024.

Test Series and Answer Writing Practice: Regular UPSC test series and answer writing practice sessions, incorporating current geographical issues like those mentioned above, help you refine your exam-taking strategies and improve answer quality.

Conclusion

The UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) demands a well-rounded understanding of various subjects, and Geography plays a significant role. For UPSC aspirants in Indore aiming to excel in this crucial area, staying updated on current geographical issues is essential. This blog, crafted with insights from UPSC coaching experts in Indore, has explored the most relevant contemporary geographical concerns you should prioritize for your UPSC course preparation.

[ailaskye]

Understanding and Addressing the Global Challenge of Climate Change

Introduction

Climate change represents one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. It is a complex phenomenon influenced by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors. The consequences of climate change are profound, impacting ecosystems, economies, and communities worldwide. This essay explores the causes, impacts, and potential solutions to climate change, emphasizing the urgent need for global action.

Causes of Climate Change

The main cause of recent climate change is the increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, causing the planet to warm up. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels (like coal, oil, and gas) for energy, cutting down forests, and industrial processes, significantly contribute to these emissions. While natural factors like volcanic eruptions and changes in the sun's energy also affect the climate, their impact is much smaller compared to human-caused factors.

Impact on Ecosystems

Climate change has a big effect on nature and wildlife. Rising temperatures change habitats, forcing animals and plants to move, adapt, or die out. Coral reefs, for example, are suffering from bleaching due to warmer ocean temperatures. Additionally, changes in rainfall patterns and more frequent extreme weather events disrupt ecosystems, threatening plant and animal species. The loss of biodiversity affects not only nature but also human livelihoods, especially for communities that depend on natural resources.

Economic Consequences

The economic effects of climate change are huge and varied. Agriculture, which is very sensitive to weather changes, faces significant challenges. Unpredictable weather, such as long droughts and irregular rainfall, can lead to crop failures and reduced food security. The fishing industry is also affected by changes in ocean temperatures and acidification, which disrupt marine life. Furthermore, extreme weather events, like hurricanes and floods, cause extensive damage to infrastructure, leading to costly repairs and economic losses.

Learning about the climate change is important, Click here to find out why learning should be fun for kids : 

https://www.learnercircle.in/post/a-historical-study-on-extra-curricular-activities-ea-the-beginning

Climate Change and Human Health

Human health is directly and indirectly affected by climate change. Heatwaves, made worse by global warming, pose serious health risks, especially to vulnerable groups like the elderly and children. Changes in climate can also affect the spread of diseases like malaria and dengue fever, as the habitats of disease-carrying insects expand. Moreover, extreme weather events can lead to injuries, displacement, and mental health issues. Ensuring food and water security becomes harder as climate change affects the availability and quality of these essential resources.

Renewable Energy Solutions

Switching to renewable energy sources is a crucial step in fighting climate change. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power offer sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Advances in technology have made renewable energy more efficient and cost-effective, providing a viable path toward a low-carbon future. However, this transition requires substantial investment, infrastructure development, and policy support to overcome existing barriers and ensure widespread adoption. Read more...

Climate Change Policy and Legislation

Effective policy and laws are essential for addressing climate change. International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to unite countries in the fight against global warming by setting emission reduction targets and promoting sustainable development. National and local policies also play a critical role in implementing climate action plans, promoting renewable energy, and encouraging conservation practices. Collaborative efforts and political will are necessary to create a framework that fosters environmental stewardship and resilience.

Conclusion

Climate change is a complicated problem that needs immediate and joint action from all parts of society. Addressing its causes, reducing its impacts, and adapting to its consequences require a combination of scientific innovation, policy intervention, and public engagement. As global citizens, we must recognize the urgency of the situation and work together to safeguard our planet for future generations. The path forward is clear: we must embrace sustainable practices, invest in renewable energy, and advocate for policies that protect our environment. Only through collective action can we hope to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure a resilient and prosperous future for all.

[dan6085]

CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary technology that emerged in the early 21st century, has transformed the landscape of genetic engineering, offering unprecedented precision, efficiency, and flexibility in editing the genomes of living organisms. The acronym CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, with Cas9 referring to the CRISPR-associated protein 9, a key enzyme that acts like molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific sites. This essay explores the discovery, mechanisms, applications, ethical considerations, and future prospects of CRISPR-Cas9 technology.

### Discovery and Mechanism

The foundations of CRISPR technology were laid through the observation of an adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea, which use CRISPR sequences to protect themselves against viral invaders. Scientists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, among others, were pivotal in understanding how these sequences, along with Cas proteins, could be harnessed for genome editing. They discovered that the Cas9 enzyme could be guided by a synthetic RNA molecule to a specific DNA sequence, where it would make a precise cut. This cut could then be used to delete, insert, or modify DNA sequences, allowing for targeted genetic manipulation.

### Applications

CRISPR-Cas9 has broad and transformative applications across various fields. In medicine, it holds the promise for treating genetic disorders by correcting mutations at their source. Diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease are potential targets for CRISPR-based therapies. In agriculture, CRISPR is being used to engineer crops with desirable traits such as drought resistance, improved nutritional content, and resistance to pests and diseases, promising a future of more sustainable and productive farming practices.

Furthermore, CRISPR technology is a powerful tool in basic scientific research, enabling researchers to explore gene function and regulation with an ease and precision that was previously unattainable. This can accelerate our understanding of complex biological processes and disease mechanisms, leading to new discoveries and innovations.

### Ethical Considerations

The power of CRISPR-Cas9 technology also brings with it significant ethical and societal implications. One of the most controversial aspects is the potential for germline editing, where genetic modifications can be passed on to future generations. This raises profound questions about the morality of altering human evolution and the risks of unintended consequences. There are also concerns about access and equity, as the benefits of CRISPR technology could exacerbate existing inequalities if they are not equitably distributed. Regulatory frameworks and international consensus are crucial to ensuring that CRISPR is used responsibly.

### Future Prospects

Looking ahead, CRISPR technology is expected to continue evolving, becoming more efficient, precise, and versatile. Newer versions of CRISPR, such as base editing and prime editing, offer the potential for even more precise genetic alterations without introducing double-strand breaks. As these technologies mature, we may see their integration into clinical practice, offering cures for genetic diseases that were once thought incurable.

In agriculture, CRISPR could play a critical role in addressing the challenges of food security and environmental sustainability. By developing crops that require fewer resources and are more resilient to climate change, CRISPR could help feed a growing global population while reducing the agricultural sector's environmental footprint.

### Conclusion

CRISPR-Cas9 technology represents a paradigm shift in the field of genetic engineering, offering a powerful tool for understanding and manipulating the code of life. While its potential to improve human health, agriculture, and scientific research is immense, it also necessitates careful consideration of ethical, societal, and environmental implications. As we stand on the cusp of this genetic revolution, it is imperative that we navigate its challenges with wisdom, ensuring that CRISPR's enormous potential is harnessed for the greater good of humanity and the planet.

[nevaehkallon]

All We Can Save

Review

"All We Can Save," edited by Ayana Elizabeth Johnson and Katharine K. Wilkinson, is an influential and informative anthology that brings together a diverse collection of essays, poetry, and artwork from women deeply engaged with environmental issues. Structured around themes of reckoning, resilience, reimagination, and regeneration, the anthology highlights the many approaches to addressing environmental challenges.

A central aspect of the book is its emphasis on the power of women's voices and leadership within the environmental movement. By centering the perspectives of women, the anthology underscores the unique insights and contributions they bring, while also acknowledging the disproportionate impact of environmental degradation on marginalized communities. This emphasis serves to inspire readers with stories of resilience and innovative solutions.

"All We Can Save" encourages a sense of hope and agency in its readers. Despite the overwhelming realities of climate change, the anthology presents a diverse range of approaches and solutions pursued by women worldwide. Through stories of activism, community organizing, scientific research, and creative expression, the book demonstrates that meaningful change is indeed possible when individuals come together to tackle shared challenges.

The Green New Deal, as outlined within the anthology on page 94, offers a vision of hope and possibility. By addressing the urgent climate crisis and systemic injustices, it aims to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, create high-wage jobs, invest in sustainable infrastructure, and promote justice and equity. This comprehensive plan inspires hope by prioritizing justice, equity, and sustainability in shaping a more inclusive and resilient future.

“A. to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions through a fair and just transition for all communities and workers;

B. to create millions of good, high-wage jobs and ensure prosperity and economic security for all people of the United States;

C. to invest in the infrastructure and industry of the United States to sustainably meet the challenges of the 21st century;

D. to secure clean air and water, climate and community resiliency, healthy food, access to nature, and a sustainable environment;

E. to promote justice and equity by stopping current, preventing future, and repairing historic oppression of frontline and vulnerable communities, including Indigenous peoples, communities of color, migrant communities, deindustrialized communities, depopulated rural communities, the poor, low-income workers, women, the elderly, the unhoused, people with disabilities, and youth.”

The Green New Deal seeks to create a sustainable environment that benefits all communities. This included excerpt inspires hope because it offers a bold and comprehensive plan to address the interconnected challenges facing our society, while prioritizing justice, equity, and sustainability.

The anthology's inclusion of various formats of self-expression, such as poetry, artwork, and personal narratives, further enriches the reading experience. By capturing a diverse range of perspectives and emotions, these formats evoke a deeper connection and engagement with the material, making the book accessible to a broader audience. Additionally, the creativity showcased within the anthology inspires readers to think innovatively about solutions to environmental problems.

Within this rich tapestry of voices and expressions, one piece that particularly resonates is "Being Human" by Naima Penniman, found on pages 266-268. This powerful and deeply moving poem reflects on our connection to the natural world and the importance of empathy, compassion, and resilience. Penniman explores themes of interconnectedness, love, and shared experiences, emphasizing our capacity for growth and transformation, even in the face of adversity. As readers engage with the poem's evocative imagery and profound insights, they are encouraged to embrace their humanity and recognize the beauty and strength that lies within each of us.

“I wonder if waves get discouraged

crawling up the sand

only to be pulled back again

to where they began

If land feels stepped upon

if sand feels insignificant

if trees need to question their lovers

to know where they stand”

The anthology's adoption of an intersectional approach underscores the interconnectedness of environmental issues with broader social justice concerns, emphasizing the importance of building a more inclusive and equitable environmental movement. This emphasis on collaboration and community-building highlights the transformative power of collective action in addressing environmental challenges effectively. Through stories of unity and shared purpose, "All We Can Save" inspires readers to engage with others in their communities and work towards common goals of environmental stewardship and sustainability.

Within this narrative of collective action and inclusivity, "Calling All Grand Mothers" by Alice Walker emerges as a call to reclaim ancestral wisdom and nurture the next generation. Walker's poem celebrates the wisdom, strength, and resilience embodied by grandmothers, urging them to share their knowledge and experiences for the betterment of future generations and the world at large. As Walker calls upon grandmothers and all who embody the spirit of respect for life and protection of the young to rise and lead, she underscores the critical role of intergenerational connections in fostering healing and transformation. In this way, the poem serves as a powerful testament to the interconnectedness of past, present, and future, echoing the themes of collaboration and unity championed throughout "All We Can Save."

“I call on all the

Grand Mothers

of Earth

& every person

who possesses

the Grand Mother spirit

of respect for

life

&

protection of

the young

to rise

& lead.

The life of

our species

depends

on it.”

Ultimately, "All We Can Save" provides not only concrete solutions but also a sense of hope and inspiration in the face of environmental crises. In these times, where the urgency of action is paramount, hope and solutions serve as crucial motivators for driving positive change and building a more sustainable and equitable future. Through its diverse voices, creative expressions, and emphasis on collaboration, the anthology offers a compelling vision for collective action and resilience in the fight against climate change.

—

Naima Penniman, the talented poet mentioned earlier, has developed her expertise through a combination of personal experiences, formal education, and hands-on engagement with environmental and social justice issues. As the Program Director at Soul Fire Farm, she has gained practical knowledge and skills in addressing issues related to food sovereignty, racial equity in agriculture, and environmental sustainability. Penniman's background in poetry and the arts has also informed her unique approach to activism and advocacy, allowing her to engage with audiences on a deeper emotional level.

Penniman has located community support through her work with organizations such as Soul Fire Farm, which has cultivated a strong network of allies and collaborators dedicated to ending racism and injustice in the food system. Through educational programs, workshops, and outreach efforts, she has built relationships with individuals and communities passionate about environmental and social justice, fostering a sense of solidarity and collective action.

Penniman has helped to form and elevate numerous groups and initiatives focused on environmental and social justice. As a co-founder of the Black-Latinx Farmers Immersion, she has created opportunities for aspiring farmers from marginalized communities to gain skills and knowledge in sustainable agriculture. Additionally, her advocacy work with organizations like Movement Generation and Climate Justice Alliance has helped to elevate the voices of frontline communities impacted by the climate crisis, amplifying their demands for systemic change.

I am inspired by Naima’s story for many reasons, including her dedication to addressing the intersecting issues of racial injustice, environmental degradation, and economic inequality demonstrates a deep commitment to building a more just and sustainable world., Her ability to communicate complex issues through poetry and storytelling resonates with audiences on an emotional level, inspiring empathy, understanding, and action. As well as her collaborative approach to activism and advocacy emphasizes the importance of community-building and solidarity in creating meaningful change, empowering others to join the movement for social and environmental justice.

Citations

“About.” Naima Infinity, www.naimainfinity.com/about. Accessed 15 Feb. 2024.

Johnson, Ayana Elizabeth, and Katharine K. Wilkinson. All We Can Save: Truth, Courage, & Solutions for the Climate Crisis. One World, 2021.

Penniman, Naima. “‘being Human.’” Naima Penniman: “Being Human” | TED Talk, www.ted.com/talks/naima_penniman_being_human. Accessed 15 Feb. 2024.

“Soul Fire Farm.” SOUL FIRE FARM, www.soulfirefarm.org/. Accessed 15 Feb. 2024.

Link to the full Poems:

Poem: “Calling All Grandmothers,” by Alice Walker | Compassionate San Antonio (sacompassion.net)

Being Human by Naima Penniman – A Learning a Day

[mitchelle2005]

Science and technology policies and projects play a crucial role in the development and progress of the country. These policies and projects aim to promote research and innovation, accelerate economic growth and ultimately improve the quality of life for citizens. In this essay, I discuss the implementation of science and technology policies and projects in the country and emphasize both successes and areas of development. First, it is important to recognize some of the progress that has been made in the implementation of science and technology policies and projects. These initiatives have led to advances in various sectors, including health, agriculture and energy. For example, the development of new medical technologies and treatments has improved health outcomes and increased the life expectancy of the population. In addition, advances in agricultural science have increased food production and food security, which have contributed to the reduction of hunger and poverty. In addition, investments in renewable energy and environmental technologies have helped mitigate the effects of climate change and reduce pollution. Despite these advances, there are still challenges and areas for development in science and technology policy and project implementation. One of the biggest challenges is to increase R&D funding and investment. Many countries struggle to allocate sufficient resources to support research and technological innovation, limiting opportunities for significant breakthroughs and advances. In addition, stronger cooperation and coordination between government, industry and academic institutions is necessary to ensure the effective implementation of scientific discoveries into practical applications and solutions. Another area for improvement is the need to address existing inequalities in access to science and technology resources. Many rural and marginalized communities lack access to basic science education, technological infrastructure and health services. This creates a digital divide and perpetuates socioeconomic inequality. Efforts must be made to ensure that all citizens have equal opportunities to benefit from advances in science and technology, regardless of location or background. In short, it can be stated that the implementation of science and technology policy and projects in the country has led to significant progress and progress in various sectors. However, funding, cooperation and equal access to resources are still needed. By meeting these challenges, the country can further harness the potential of science and technology to promote development and progress for the benefit of all its citizen

[villafuertevalentina]

Literature For English "The Importance of Water Conservation for a Sustainable Future"

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This is an essay that explains why water is important and why we have to create a plan to conserve it as we know. Water is a fundamental resource for life on Earth. Although most of our planet is covered by water, only a small percentage is suitable for human consumption. The increasing demand for water, coupled with climate change and pollution, has led to water scarcity in many places around the world. Water conservation has become an urgent need to ensure a sustainable future.

That is why it is important to conserve it well since, first of all, water conservation is essential to satisfy our basic needs. Access to clean water is crucial for human health and hygiene. Many communities around the world still lack access to clean, safe water, contributing to health problems and limiting human development. By adopting water conservation practices, we can ensure that water is accessible to all and prevent humanitarian crises related to the lack of clean water.

Additionally, agriculture, which makes up a significant portion of water use, needs to adopt more sustainable practices. Irrigation efficiency and proper water management in food production are essential to avoid overexploitation of water resources. Implementing more efficient irrigation technologies and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are crucial steps to conserve water and ensure global food security.

Water conservation also plays a crucial role in preserving aquatic ecosystems. Rivers, lakes and oceans are vital habitats for countless species. Overexploitation and water pollution threaten these ecosystems and the associated biodiversity. By adopting responsible practices and reducing pollution, we can protect these valuable ecosystems and maintain ecological balance.

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[essay-complete]

What are the shortfalls and limitations of picsa?

We must answer all these three questions and use these resources.(Please also read the document profiling a typical farmer in Malawi and how they might experience and use the PICSA approach./ And Clarkson et al. (2022) Stimulating small-scale farmer innovation and adaptation with Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture (PICSA): Lessons from successful implementation in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and South Asia. Hall et al. (2021) The impact of climate and societal change on food and nutrition security: A case study of Malawi.)1) How might the impacts of climate variability (year-to-year variations) and climate change (longer term changes) affect the food security of small-scale farmers? (Hint: Think about the decisions that farmers have to make from year to year, and the risks involved in this. How might this situation be affected by climate change? You could also think about other challenges that farmers face with regards to food security that we have covered in this module, such as nutrition, corporatisation, the Green Revolution, influence of global markets and politics, etc. How might these affect the farmer, and how might these factors also be affected by climate change?)2) How might the information and tools included in the PICSA approach help small-scale farmers to deal with the food security challenges they face? (Hint: Think about the decisions that PICSA can help farmers to take. How might this process help farmers cope with climate variability and longer-term climate change? How might the process and principles help farmers respond to some of the other food security challenges covered in the module? You can be a bit creative with this one – what do you think?)3) What limitations and gaps are there in PICSA with regards to food security? (Hint: Think about the different food security challenges and approaches to improving food security that we have covered in the module. What are the shortfalls and limitations of PICSA? What does it not help farmers with? Again, be a bit creative – what do you think about this?)

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[betshy]

Malthusian Theory of Overpopulation: Impact and Legacy

Thomas Robert Malthus was a renowned cleric, economist and demographer, best known for his theory on overpopulation. Born in 1766 in Surrey, England, Malthus became famous for his controversial ideas on population growth and its potential consequences for society. In his influential work "An Essay on the Principle of Population," first published in 1798, Malthus argued that population growth would always tend to outrun the food supply, leading to widespread poverty and hardship. In other words, Malthus believed that unchecked population growth would eventually lead to widespread poverty and famine. Malthus's theory was based on the premise that while population grows exponentially, the production of food increases at a much slower arithmetic rate. This, he believed, would inevitably result in a situation where the population would exceed the available food supply, ultimately leading to a "Malthusian catastrophe" characterised by famine, disease, and widespread suffering. Malthus's most famous work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, was published in 1798 and outlined his theory that population increases geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.) while the food supply only increases arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.). This mismatch between population growth and resource availability, Malthus argued, would inevitably lead to overpopulation and resource scarcity. The repercussions of Malthus's theory were profound, sparking intense debate and controversy. Many critics disputed his predictions, arguing that technological advancements and increased agricultural productivity would alleviate the strain on resources. However, Malthus remained steadfast in his belief, contending that the "positive checks" of disease, famine, and war would ultimately regulate population growth in the absence of preventive "checks" such as moral restraint or delayed marriage. Despite the contentious nature of his theory, Malthus's work significantly influenced subsequent discussions on population, economics, and social policy. His ideas served as a foundation for the field of demography, prompting further research into population dynamics and resource limitations. Additionally, Malthus's theories continue to be referenced in contemporary discussions on sustainability, environmental conservation, and global food security. In recent years, as concerns over climate change and environmental degradation have grown, Malthus's theories have seen a resurgence in popularity. Many argue that unchecked population growth is placing an unsustainable strain on the planet's resources and that measures must be taken to curb population growth and promote sustainable living practices. While some of Malthus's predictions have not materialised as he envisioned, his contributions to the understanding of population dynamics and resource allocation remain relevant today. The ongoing debate surrounding overpopulation and its potential consequences ensures that Malthus's legacy endures, serving as a reminder of the complex relationship between human populations, resources, and the environment. While Malthus's ideas may be controversial, there is no denying the importance of considering the impact of population growth on the environment and society. As the global population continues to increase, it is essential that we take proactive steps to ensure that resources are managed sustainably and that future generations are able to thrive in a world with finite resources. Read the full article

[geograph-hitje]

Politics and Opportunities: Food Security in Fiji

Report written for Food Security course at University of Adelaide, Semester 1 2019.

Fruit & veg market in Sigatoka.

Introduction

Food security challenges in Fiji are complex, and effect the daily lives of the majority of the country’s population. Complexity arises from interactions between the international market, international development agencies, politics and farmers. Despite the decline in Fiji’s agricultural output over recent decades (Gani & Scrimgeour 2019), the agricultural sector remains vital to the Fijian economy for income generation as well as food security (International Trade Administration 2019). The tumultuous nature of Fijian politics since 2000 has exacerbated food insecurity and adds uncertainty as to related future developments.

Agro-political issues inhibit the effectiveness of agricultural policy in Fiji, and so stump the sector’s success. Two important examples of this are the lack of evidence use in food policymaking and the question of expiring agricultural leases on ‘native’ land. Internationally, nations wealthier than Fiji have exerted their political influence in order to capitalise on Fiji’s natural resources. Future development should focus upon building resilience in the agricultural sector, along with local opportunities for improved livelihoods. This is achievable through greater connectedness of agriculture with tourism, and education, including in sustainable practices. Additionally, strategies promoting better evidence use in policymaking should be supported to enable more effective policy to be created.

Background

Agriculture accounts for 9.5 percent of Fiji’s gross domestic product and supports the livelihoods of 49 percent of its rural population (International Trade Administration 2019). It is vital in providing food and raw materials to the domestic market and generating export income (Gani & Scrimgeour 2019). Fijian agriculture contains a mixture of traditional and commercial farming practices, such as semi-subsistence farming (Chandra 1981; De Boer & Chandra 1978), village gardening and cash cropping (Lin 2016). There is, however, a trend away from polyculture and towards a more commercial, monocultural farming system (neo trad). The country also has a high dependence on imported processed food, which has led to poor nutrition and an epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (Bradshaw et al. 2014).

Historically, Fijian agriculture and food sources have been through many phases. Prehistory saw the emergence of swidden systems and internal migrations to secure food. The introduction of indentured labourers on sugarcane plantations the nineteenth century following British colonisation (Gaines 2012), established the enduringly important sugar industry. Recent times have seen the popularisation of cash cropping. Together with agricultural and economic modernisation and climate change, agricultural modernisation has compromised Fijians’ nutritional well-being and the independence of Fijian food systems.

Fijian farmers.

Fijian agro-politics

Gaps, contradictions and inconsistencies in current policy portfolios are a major governance challenge which impedes the achievement of food security and nutrition across small island developing states (SIDS) (FAO 2014). In particular, improved policy development and strategic decision-making in SIDS is significantly constrained by missing, isolated or fragmented data (FAO 2014). The generation and dissemination of data is important for ensuring policy is based on evidence rather than perception (FAO 2014). In Fiji, bureaucracy and vested interests have been identified as a cause of delays in the food-related policymaking process (Waqa et al. 2017) Delays lead to gaps in research, and thus unsatisfactory evidence use. For example, on a number of occasions Fiji has adopted taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages which were subsequently removed due to political priorities and pressure from industry and consumers (Thow et al. 2010). The feebleness of these taxes was partially attributed to the fact that consumer and industry response to taxation has stayed largely unknown (Waqa et al. 2017). Hence, flaws in the operation of government ministries and subsequent lack of evidence use in policy formulation has enabled the political power of government elites and corporations to unduly influence Fijian food policy.

Limited information, resources and time also means that political influences and the vested interests of private sector participants are unable to be adequately managed, e.g. through consultation (Waqa et al. 2017). Interaction between stakeholders through consultation in Fiji has been shown to produce cooperation and addresses tensions between the goals of (a) protecting health and (b) promoting trade (Leischow et al. 2008). Insufficient resourcing of key bodies like the Fijian Ministry of Agriculture therefore hinders the effectiveness of the policies those bodies produce, as proper assessment of the influence and needs of relevant stakeholders is not able to occur.

Cartoon criticising poor food policy in Fiji, which has lead to corporations promoting the consumption of processed food (especially to children) with little government regulation.

A major political problem that has altered the Fijian agricultural sector in recent decades is that of the expiration of leases concerning ‘native’ land. The inability of successive governments to solve this problem heavily contributed to the downfall of the government led by Mahendra Chaudhry and the following coup of May 2000 (Kurer 2001). Approximately 85 percent of land in Fiji is under indigenous communal ownership. In order to enable agricultural expansion, most of this land was leased for farming during the 1960s, primarily to Indo-Fijian sugarcane farmers (Naidu & Reddy 2002). These leases have now largely expired, and their non-renewal, coupled with the non-renewal of European Union preferential prices for sugar from 2007, has led to a decline in the traditional export sector of sugar (Scheyvens & Russell 2012). The Fijian government has since greatly increased its emphasis on tourism, now seen as pivotal to economic development (NLTB 2006). Leases were not renewed as the majority of landowners “want[ed] their land back” (Naidu & Reddy 2002). In essence, there existed a deeply politicised environment where ethnic and economic divisions overlapped. This enabled Fijian supremacists to create a political stalemate which led to a series of coups and thus the instability that has characterised Fijian politics since 2000 (Kurer 2001). Non-renewal of leases additionally resulted in increased poverty as Indo-Fijians were stripped of their livelihoods and homes (Narsey 2008). Therefore, the recent, highly political history of Fijian land tenure significantly altered the role of sugarcane within the Fijian economy. The resulting increased poverty raises new food security challenges for Fiji. The rise of tourism also has the potential to greatly interact with agriculture and food security.

Indo Fijian sugarcane farmer.

Fiji’s status as a small island developing state has also led to the over-exploitation of its natural resources by wealthier nations and corporations. The superior negotiating position of powerful fishing countries has resulted in low licensing and catch fees for their vessels, required for fishing in Fiji’s Exclusive Economic Zone (DeMers & Kahui 2012). Though this contributes to overfishing and means Fiji is only receiving a fraction of gross revenue, the ongoing maintenance of this arrangement has also been used by Pacific island policymakers to “stimulate joint ventures and …collaboration with foreign interests” (Robb 1984) and increase foreign aid (Peterson 2002). Therefore, the consequences of international power disparities, though exploitative, have in some cases been utilised by SIDS to create bargaining tools.

Future development and policy

The booming Fijian tourism sector has presently untapped potential to both aid in ensuring food security for the country and support sustainable Fijian agriculture. For this potential to be unlocked, barriers which currently inhibit agriculture-tourism synergy need to be addressed in future developments and policy. One barrier is the bias of resort and hotel menus towards Western style foods which usually require imported ingredients (Berno 2011). Another is land tenure-related disputes: community-based ecotourism and agriculture programmes been adversely affected due to disputes between native landowners (Warner 2000). New agricultural policy initiatives are key in resolving such challenges through enabling mutually beneficial connectedness between the agriculture and tourism sectors. The Reserve Bank of Fiji has already begun to support this objective through initiatives such as linking loans from commercial banks to hotels to local food production and environmental protection (Reserve Bank of Fiji 2009). Connectedness should be multifunctional, providing multifaceted social and environmental benefits. For example, through clustering, the inconsistent supply and quality of local fruit and vegetables can be improved, facilitating an increase in the use of local produce in resorts and hotels (Shah et al. 2018). Clustering is the agglomeration of enterprises (in this case smallholder farmers) that share common interests. In this way, traditional foods and associated cultures can be kept alive, and smallholder farmers can be guaranteed a stable market for their produce. Greater food security and diversity in food for Fijians would also ensue (Shah et al. 2018). Traditional agricultural practices, e.g. agroforestry, should be revived as part of this process. This would entail additional opportunities such as the development of unique products by small-scale industries which are marketable to tourists (Shah et al. 2018). A more secure and sustainable food system can therefore be achieved in Fiji through initiatives which exploit the nexus between agriculture and tourism.

Banner from Tourism Fiji.

Future developments should generally focus on building resilience within Fijian communities. Resilience refers to the decreasing of vulnerability to factors such as climate change. In recognition that climate change will increase the intensity and frequency of extreme weather, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in conjunction with the Fijian government, has already implemented projects in Fiji that are intended to build resilience to natural disasters. The organisation aims to continue to do this through “strengthening communities’ knowledge and means to identify and mitigate risks affecting food security” (FAO 2018). This includes developing and using community-based food security monitoring tools as well as early warning and early action plans (FAO 2018). Related future policy and programs should continue to build resilience in this way while also allowing for adjustments over time as the most effective methods of climate change adaptation are identified.

Building resilience to counteract the straining of vulnerable Fijian agricultural communities caused by commercial agriculture and globalisation is also important. It can uphold agricultural diversity, environmental protection and reduce reliance on purchased food (Lin 2016). On Taveuni Island, agriculture on hilly terrain in fragmented gardens has enabled the local community to respond resiliently to the “disciplining” influence of commercial agriculture (Lin 2016). While the community still engages in monocultural cash cropping, small household and community gardens within and near the Waitabu village compound contribute to food security and biodiversity in the area. These gardens grow a wide range of native foods, which are then consumed by villagers (Lin 2016). Education of Fijians regarding ways in which resilience can be built, including with use of traditional knowledge and practices, is therefore crucial to building Fijian independence in relation to food security.  

Organic honey program, part of an organic farming/ tourism initiative by Matava Eco Resort.

Greater use of evidence in policymaking should also be a priority of future development aimed at improving Fijian food security. The FAO has also recognised this, having launched the Pacific Strategic Plan for Agricultural and Fisheries Statistics in Nadi in March 2018 (FAO 2018). Evidence-based decision making can additionally be supported through analysis of the costs and benefits of potential policy interventions. Snowdon et al. (2011) used the best available evidence and local data to identify the costs and dietary impacts of a number of policies intended to target diet related NCDs. Their research found that the most effective policy options for reducing NCDs are those that target local produce and high-fat meats, respectively. Therefore, future developments that lead to increased and analytical evidence use will increase the effectiveness of food-related policies.  

Conclusion

The improvement of food security in Fiji faces great challenges going into the future. In terms of agro-politics, the instability of the Fijian political system has led to a lack of strength in governmental institutions which has negatively impacted food security. Issues concerning bureaucracy, unjust influences and vested interests have led to inadequate food policy, notably through the lack of evidence use in policymaking. The ability of powerful nations to influence Fijian policy has resulted in depleted natural resources and loss of revenue. The Fijian agricultural landscape was substantially altered through the expiration of sugarcane farming leases. The resultant growth in poverty and remnant ethnic tensions raise new food security issues.  

It is difficult to predict the future direction of the country in terms of agricultural development. Ideally, future development would seize the opportunities provided by tourism to enable the development of sustainable agriculture which supports smallholder farmers and promotes local produce. The resilience of farming communities should also be improved and safeguarded through education initiatives and the recognition and continuance of approaches that are currently working. Finally, evidence use in policymaking should be improved through increased collection of statistics, and analysis which informs the formulation of effective policies.

References

·         Berno, T 2011, ‘Sustainability on a plate: linking agriculture and food in the Fiji Islands tourism industry’, in RM Torres & JH Momsen (eds), Tourism and Agriculture: New Geographies of Consumption, Production and Rural Restructuring, Routledge, Oxon, pp. 87-103, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/adelaide/reader.action?docID=668846>.

·         Bradshaw, S, Shirley, L & Warnick, B 2014, Fiji Food Environments: Food Environments influence Food Choice, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany.

·         Chandra, S 1981, ‘Energetics and Subsistence Affluence in Traditional Agriculture’, Occasional Paper no. 24 of the Development Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra.

·         De Boer, AJ & Chandra, S 1978, ‘A Model of Crop Selection in Semi-subsistence Agriculture and an Application to Mixed Agriculture in Fiji’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 436-444, viewed 24 March 2019, < https://academic-oup-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/ajae/article-abstract/60/3/436/51402?redirectedFrom=fulltext>.

·         DeMers, A & Kahui, V 2012, ‘An overview of Fiji's fisheries development’, Marine Policy, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 174-179, viewed 2 May 2019, <https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0308597X1100090X#bib36>.

·         FAO 2014, Food Security and Nutrition in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Policy Paper, published in Rome, Italy.

·         FAO 2018, Fiji and FAO: Partnering to improve food security and income-earning opportunities, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Fiji Country Leaflet, Rome, Italy, viewed 10 June 2019, <http://www.fao.org/3/av260e/AV260E.pdf>.

·         Gaines, E 2012, ‘British Imperialism in Fiji: A Model for the Semiotics of Cultural Identity’, International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 167-175, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://link-springer-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/article/10.1007/s11196-011-9221-1>.

·         Gani, A & Scrimgeour, F 2019, ‘Trade, agriculture and inter-industry spillover effects in Fiji’, Journal of Developing Areas, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 193-207, viewed 2 May 2019, < https://muse-jhu-edu.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/article/718419>.    

·         International Trade Administration 2019, Fiji - Agricultural Sector, export.gov, viewed 10 June 19, <https://www.export.gov/article?id=Fiji-Agricultural-Sector>.

·         Kurer, O 2001, ‘Land and Politics in Fiji: Of Failed Land Reforms and Coups’, Journal of Pacific History, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 299-315, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/doi/abs/10.1080/00223340120096260>.

·         Leischow, SJ, Best, A, Trochim, WM, Clark, PI, Gallagher, RS, Marcus, SE & Matthews, E 2008, ‘Systems Thinking to Improve the Public's Health’, American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol. 35, no. 2, supplement, pp. S196-S203, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/science/article/pii/S074937970800425X>.

·         Lin, H 2016, ‘The Resilient Landscape: Fijian Village Gardens in the Age of Commercial Agriculture’, Taiwan Journal of Anthropology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 113-148, viewed 24 March 2019, <http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=6dceed76-c05b-4e22-902d-b596931777d6%40sdc-v-sessmgr02>.

·         Naidu, V & Reddy, M 2002, ALTA and expiring land leases: Fijian farmers' perceptions of their future, Centre for Development Studies, School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific (USP) and Pacific Migration Research Network (PacMRN), Suva. Viewed 10 June 2019, <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237325986_Land_tenure_system_in_Fiji_the_poverty_implications_of_expiring_leases>.

·         Narsey, W 2008, Quantitative Analysis of Poverty in Fiji, Vanuavou Publications, Suva.

·         NLTB (Native Lands Trust Board) 2006, A Tourism Policy for Native Land 2006–2010, Native Lands Trust Board, Suva.

·         O’Sullivan, D 2018, Bainimarama wins again in Fiji, helped by muzzling the media, unions and the church, The Conversation, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://theconversation.com/bainimarama-wins-again-in-fiji-helped-by-muzzling-the-media-unions-and-the-church-107192>.

·         Peterson, EH 2002, ‘Economic policy, institutions and fisheries development in the Pacific’, Marine Policy, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 315-234, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X02000118>.

·         Reserve Bank of Fiji 2009, Reserve Bank announces foreign exchange preservation policies, Reserve Bank press release, Suva, Fiji, 25 April, viewed 10 June 2019, < https://www.rbf.gov.fj/getattachment/Publications/Press/2009/Press-Release-No-19-RBF-Announces-Foreign-Exchange-Preservation-Policies.pdf>.

·         Robb, DH 1984, ‘Foreign fishing access regimes in the Pacific Basin’, in C Gopalakrishnan (ed), The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific, Butterworths, Boston, pp. 107-120.

·         Scheyvens R & Russell, M 2012, ‘Tourism, Land Tenure and Poverty Alleviation in Fiji’, Tourism Geographies, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-25, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/14616688.2011.593188>.

·         Shah, S, Moroca, A & Bhat, JA 2018, ‘Neo-traditional approaches for ensuring food security in Fiji Islands’, Environmental Development, vol. 28 (December 2018), pp. 83-100, viewed 24 March 2019, <https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/science/article/pii/S2211464517302191>.

·         Snowdon, W, Moodie, M, Schultz, J & Swinburn, B 2011, ‘Modelling of potential food policy interventions in Fiji and Tonga and their impacts on noncommunicable disease mortality’, Food Policy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 597-605, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0306919211000728>.

·         Thow, AM, Swinburn, B, Colagiuri, S, Diligolevu, M, Quested, C, Vivili, P & Leeder, S 2010, ‘Trade and food policy: Case studies from three Pacific Island countries’, Food Policy, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 556-564, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0306919210000771?via%3Dihub>.

·         Waqa, G, Moodie, M, Snowdon, W, Latu, C, Coriakula, J, Allender, S & Bell, C 2017, ‘Exploring the dynamics of food-related policymaking processes and evidence use in Fiji using systems thinking’, Health Research Policy and Systems, vol. 15, no. 74, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://link-springer-com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/article/10.1186/s12961-017-0240-6>.

·         Warner, M 2000, Conflict management in community-based natural resource projects: Experience from Fiji and Papua New Guinea, Overseas Development Institute, London, viewed 10 June 2019, <https://www.odi.org/publications/2026-conflict-management-community-based-natural-resource-projects-experiences-fiji-and-papua-new-guinea>.

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Topic: consumer evaluation of food quality. Do the consumers take the environmental aspect into account?

I.               Introduction

Since the 1970s, the culture of consumption has shifted from producer-central to consumer-central. Consumers no longer decide to buy a product solely due to its availability. They consider different aspects related to the product before a decision. These aspects reflect consumers' attitudes and worldviews, which are influenced by societal perception and behaviors at a time. As such, producers need to understand consumers' demands to stay in the business. In the present, climate change starts to impacts consumers daily life. Accordingly, people's perceptions about environmental impact of food and food production are prone to change. Therefore, to know if the environmental aspect is part of consumer evaluation of food quality is inevitable concerns for food producers or food policymakers to be relevant in the future. In this essay, reports and literature will be reviewed to discuss the raising concern, focusing on the European region.

II.             Literature Review

To begin with, Wikstrom et al addresses the mismatch between values assigned to a product by consumers and producers through modernity frameworks1. In which, producer's assignments are based on the belief that social progress is important and dependent on science and technology advancement. This belief is inevitable to resolve societal issues in the past. In the food industry, when food security was not concrete, mass production is expected. Nevertheless, producers rely on their know-how and deliver refined food of longer shelf-life with the idea that consumption of food is for nutrition. Accordingly, consumers were left with less choice. They then purchase due to the availability of products in the market with the assumption that food quality is predetermined.

However, as time changes, previous societal issues are no longer relevant, sharing space and time for a new problem to arise. In which, customers recognize that they are not merely consumers, they also create their images and increasingly strive to feel good through trading activities. The change in consumer perception and behaviors happens gradually overdecades and eventually impacts all industries. For example, consumers' confidence in science and technology imposes a contradiction to GMO and addictives usage in food production while striving for the product with natural and organic origins. This example alone causes producers to be more transparent or even change their production routines. Nevertheless, policymakers also need to apply new regulations to fulfill the needs of the population. Understanding this shift in the culture of consumption is more important than ever for the food business to stay relevant in the present time. Moreover, understanding the exact demands of consumers from the product might help food producers move forward with potential profits.

Consumers' demands become quality evaluation factors before they buy food products. The number of and the extent of these demands differs from time to place. These demands are influenced by societal changes around consumers universally and locally. An excerpt from European Commission Public Opinion Reports in 2010 presents common trends in European consumers' needs in the last decades2. Consumers' needs were evaluated and positioned fresh and tasty food with implication on pleasure by consumption to nutritional needs as the priority. It was followed by affordable prices, and safety. After ten years, the ranking for European consumers' future needs remains the same in their 2020 report3.However, a new expectation for future food products appears, which is "impact on the environment and climate". This expectation from European consumers is reasonable because climate change has a profound yet negative impact on their life across the region. The expectation is further amplified by an increasing number of internet content based on present food production culture presenting the unbecoming future. Consumers are not only urged to change their consumption behavior but also demand food producers react before the unfavorable future arrives. Hereby, public concerns are partly resolved by the directions given by United Nations in their Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and implemented by governments.

To evaluate if consumer's demand for environmental aspects is more truthful than just survey results, Wikstrom works were reconsidered. The study discusses that new consumers' demands can initiate the re-organization of traditional food producers or the birth of new producers to fulfill those needs1. In the food industry, where rising demands of less environmental impacts from traditional production are becoming popular, an alternative to traditional foods is created. Oatly and Impossible Foods are two companies selling traditional food alternatives that are gaining notable success in recent years. In which, Impossible Food was founded in 2011 stating its aim is to give people the taste and nutritional benefits of meat without the negative health and environmental impacts associated with livestock products. This statement aims directly at public concerns found in the listed surveys. After nearly ten years of development, their value is estimated to be 10 billion $ in 2021 and still accelerate their international growth. On top of this, Oatly shares a similar idea to Impossible Food but in a different context. They are founded early in the 1990s and starts to gain recognition and success in the last decades. To recap their exponential growth, even during the Covid-19 pandemic, Oatly's North American President Mike Messersmith said that a big part of their success derived from consumer preferences evolving toward sustainability and health4.

III.           Discussion and comments

From the above, it would seem that the environmental aspect in food and food production is gaining more recognition from the public. Consequently, it would become the determining factor before a consumer purchases food products in the future. However, it could be claimed that the argument is based on the modernity frameworks - which is originated from the West and not suitable to adapt to the rest. Modernity and postmodernity ideologies took place within the advanced capitalist and postindustrial computerized societies5. Since different countries have different political beliefs and development conditions, we can not apply directly the study framework from one country to another. In this case, as all European countries are developed, the argument can be oversimplified as societal trends in consumption and production from developed countries is inapplicable to developing countries. For example, in Vietnam, people tend to go to a nearby market to shop for food products supplied directly by farmers instead of going to the supermarket like European consumers. In this case, if we apply the modernity framework as reasoning above, consumers' demands are met but to a very different extent. The "local" values in developed countries are derived as opposed to mass production caused by their negative impact. However, "local" values in developing countries like Vietnam are derived from tradition, convenience, and affordable prices. Moreover, as if the "local" factor in consumers' evaluation is achieved, the food safety and quality are not usually predetermined. It is because farmers don't need to have any certifications to sell their products in the local marketplace.

Though consumption behaviors are different in developing countries, environmental aspects in food product evaluation still exist but to a different extent than in developed countries. Both share similar origins from customer's perception transformation due to environmental changes in their local and global surroundings. These changes can be amplified both physically by governmental policies and virtually by internet campaigns, influences. However, perception transformations do not necessarily correlate with transformation in consumption behaviors. As mentioned earlier, the alternative to traditional food is one of the direct approaches to resolve environmental impacts by food production. However, this approach requires not only large capital investment but also advanced science and technology - which are both not readily available in developing countries. As such, even though there is a demanding market and the needs of society are undeniable, consumption behaviors cannot change without the possibilities provided by developing science. Some might argue that developing might import environmental-friendly food products from developed countries to fulfill the tangible needs. I would say that action only satisfies the guilty of wealthy consumers while ignoring the environmental impact of transportation in their calculations.

IV.           Conclusion

To conclude, there is an uprising trend in the culture of consumption that environmental aspects are considered upon purchase of food products. This trend is inevitable due to the profound effects of climate change and international and governmental attempts to promote, especially in developed countries, such as European regions. Though there are also changes in the perception of consumers in developing, consumption behaviors there are not yet transformed mainly due to the possibilities provided by developing science to make affordable products for the population.

V.             References

1.         Wikström S, Jönsson H, Decosta PL. A clash of modernities: Developing a new value-based framework to understand the mismatch between production and consumption. J Consum Cult. 2016;16(3):824-851. doi:10.1177/1469540514528197

2.         Eurobarometer 389. European’s Attitudes Towards Food Security, Food Quality and the Country Side. Published online 2010.

3.         Eurobarometer 505. Making our food fit for the future – Citizens’ expectations.pdf. Published online 2020.

4.         How Oatly accelerated growth during the pandemic. 2020. https://www.fooddive.com/news/how-oatly-accelerated-growth-during-the-pandemic/589004/.

5.         Radhakrishnan R, ed. Theory in an Uneven World. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2003. doi:10.1002/9780470775660

[fatehbaz]

Botanists of Kew Gardens plotting to appropriate Indigenous-cultivated varieties of wild rice from the Great Lakes and fantasizing about using wild rice as the ultimate crop in plantations worldwide to strengthen the Empire: Trade embargoes against America during the revolution meant that Britain needed a new source for a cheap staple crop to feed plantation slaves in the Caribbean and impoverished working class in London [to keep slaves and the poor pacified and subjugated], so while Joseph Banks was trying to appropriate breadfruit from people of the South Pacific to introduce it as a food crop in the Caribbean, Banks and other imperial botanists were simultaneously excitedly plotting to acclimatize wild rice to climates outside of North America.

--

Wild rice, inured to the hazards of a changing climate, would be the pioneer plant of a responsive imperial ecology, on the path paved by learned men associated with a variety of British scientific or government institutions. [...] On a cold day in December, Sir Joseph Banks told members of the Horticultural Society of London he had discovered a proven method for making warmer-climate plants frost resistant. While the method could be applied to tropical plants, it was North American wild rice (Zizania aquatica) that provided the inspiration for his lecture, later published as the essay “Some Hints Respecting the Proper Mode of Inuring Tender Plants to Our Climate.” Banks described acclimatization experiments with specimens of Zizania, transplanted from Canada to the pond on his Spring Grove estate outside London and in the fens on his property in Lincolnshire. Banks -- president of the Royal Society from 1778 to 1820 and the most powerful scientific patron in the Anglophone world -- had been interested in Zizania’s special qualities since the 1770s, believing it to be a highly adaptable plant. [...]

John Mitchell inserted a long footnote on wild rice into his 1767 treatise, The Present State of Great Britain and North America. Mitchell, the Virginia-born physician and botanist best known for his map of North America [...]  recommended wild rice as part of a broader strategy for Britain to gain control of its food supply [...]. [I]n northern colonies wild rice would supply frontier settlements, reducing their dependence on imports. Once improved for commercial cultivation wild rice would also provide a unique article into the imperial trade. If “duly cultivated” like white rice, Britain “might have rice from our northern as well as our southern colonies. [...]

A decade later [after the 1767 publication of Mitchell’s book], outbreaks of Hessian fly-infested wheat, the Bengal famine, the loss of exports from the United States, destructive hurricanes in the Caribbean, and serious harvest shortfalls in Britain and Ireland combined to give renewed urgency to policies promoting a wider range of starches for cheaply feeding slaves, the poor, and import-dependent colonies. It was in this context that a number of people revived Mitchell’s idea of incorporating Zizania into the imperial economy. Much as Banks had perceived the value of breadfruit “procur’d with no more trouble than that of climbing a tree and pulling it down,” so too did he become intrigued by proposals for growing wild rice as a low-cost subsistence crop suited to colder regions with limited agricultural potential. Harvest shortfalls and interruptions to the provisions trade through the period of the Napoleonic Wars stimulated continued experimentation with wild rice in the hope that it might help diversify and secure the grain supply. If this wild food could be improved it would yield the multiple benefits of abundance and the productive transformation of wastelands with little effort. [...]

Moreover, all European observers assumed that Zizania “sows itself”—that Indians only harvested but did nothing to control or develop the plant, which reproduced as independently and copiously as a weed. Believing that Zizania thrived “in Abundance spontaneously,” requiring little expertise or labor [...].

In his fitting epigraph to “The Natural History of the Wild Rice,” Thomas Holt White, brother of Gilbert White, quoted Ecclesiastes 11. 1: “Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days.” The potential rewards of this North American grass recalled a biblical parable: one could simply broadcast seeds into unimproved wetlands and return later to find a harvestable foodstuff. [...]

Naturalists’ interest in exploiting wild rice was thus an attempt to respond to variouscontingencies the empire faced after the late eighteenth century. Following the Seven Years’ War, the unprecedented expansion of colonial territory encouraged investigation of plants like wild rice, one among many attempts to address the scaled-up problem of provisioning through initiatives to promote a more efficient use of natural resources. Banks’ work on wild rice aligned with his much broader goal of achieving what historian Richard Drayton calls a “nature’s government”: a comprehensive vision for creating a more effective empire by manipulating its diverse colonial environments -- from tropical islands to boreal forests -- through expert knowledge, ecological exchanges, and scientific agriculture.

---

Anya Zilberstein. “Inured to Empire: Wild Rice and Climate Change.”

[wikipediaredoengl199fa20]

Nicolazzo - Wikipedia Rewrite for Overpopulation Page

Edits are in bold. The original page can be accessed here. 

Current population dynamics, and cause for concern

Further information: Population dynamics

As of December 8, 2020, the world's human population is estimated to be 7.836 billion.[10] Or, 7,622,106,064 on 14 May 2018 and the United States Census Bureau calculates 7,472,985,269 for that same date[11] and over 7 billion by the United Nations.[12][13][14] Depending on which estimate is used, human overpopulation may have already occurred.[citation needed]

Nevertheless, the rapid recent increase in human population has worried some people. The population is expected to reach between 8 and 10.5 billion between the years 2040[15][16] and 2050.[17] In 2017, the United Nations increased the medium variant projections[18] to 9.8 billion for 2050 and 11.2 billion for 2100.[19]

As pointed out by Hans Rosling, the critical factor is that the population is not "just growing," but that the growth ratio reached its peak and the total population is now growing much slower.[20] The UN population forecast of 2017 was predicting "near end of high fertility" globally and anticipating that by 2030 over ⅔ of the world population will be living in countries with fertility below the replacement level[21] and for total world population to stabilize between 10 and 12 billion people by the year 2100.[22]

The rapid increase in world population over the past three centuries has raised concerns among some people that the planet may not be able to sustain the future or even present number of its inhabitants. The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, circa 1994, stated that many environmental problems, such as rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution, are aggravated by the population expansion.[23]

Other problems associated with overpopulation include the It has been theorized that continued global population growth would lead to increased demand for resources (such as freshwater and food), starvation, malnutrition, consumption of natural resources (such as fossil fuels) faster than the rate of regeneration, and a deterioration in living conditions.[24] However, there is evidence to suggest that alleviating the effects of these crises (which already exist without Earth’s population passing any sort of “overpopulation” threshold) lie outside of population control, but rather, in an equal redistribution of resources from corporations and wealthy individuals (those in “the 1%”) to populations currently affected by these issues. Certain critiques of economic structures such as Capitalism suggest that the encouragement of endless growth for the economy is more damaging for the future of natural resources than individual impact, and therefore efforts do not need to be centralized around population. Moreover, there are certain ethical issues around the concept of overpopulation - mainly, which populations are being controlled, and who makes these decisions. While fears of overpopulation are not the outright cause of atrocities such as forced sterilization or eugenics (enacted against communities of color as opposed to white communities), the concept could easily be appropriated as a justification for the eradication of non-white populations, so an oppressor would not have to reveal their true intentions behind population control (or other policies such as immigration control). 

 Wealthy but densely populated territories like Britain rely on food imports from overseas.[25] This was severely felt during the World Wars when, despite food efficiency initiatives like "dig for victory" and food rationing, Britain needed to fight to secure import routes. However, many believe that waste and over-consumption, especially by wealthy nations, is putting more strain on the environment than overpopulation itself.[26] This relates back to the prior argument, suggesting that the idea of overpopulation incorrectly shifts the blame of climate change to individuals rather than the social systems in place globally. Focusing on the concept of carbon emissions alone, the sheer output of multiple corporations would far outweigh the impact of most human populations. Again, the impact the 1% has on carbon emissions is simply further argument for the redistribution of resources, rather than the focus on reducing one’s own “carbon footprint”. 

(261 words)

Essay and Sources:

For this Wikipedia editing assignment, I decided to edit the Wikipedia page for “Human Overpopulation”, or the concept that the world will eventually no longer be able to sustain human life due to extreme population growth. I approached the subject from the angle of recognizing that humans are depleting natural resources at an alarming rate, while also acknowledging the fact that a specific number of humans are contributing to the depletion of these resources, making the issue of population size less relevant. Therefore, while reading this article, I quickly realized the pervasive viewpoint suggested that individual humans are largely to blame for issues such as climate change as opposed to the output that corporations produce or the lifestyles of the 1%, and that a smaller population size is absolutely necessary for the survival of the human race. Arguments similar to the one I discussed were confined to one or two sentence afterthoughts, with no section for the various questions surrounding topics such as “Who exactly is controlling population growth, and why? Would it be possible or ethical to regulate this (outside of reproductive rights and family planning, which is both ethical and necessary)?” I do not believe this exclusion was a case of explicit bias and deliberately withholding information, but this lack of information instead displayed implicit bias and a lack of foresight. 

Since the article was extensive, I focused on revising a subsection titled “Current Population Dynamics, and Cause for Concern”. I altered the first sentence of a paragraph to reflect the fact that the term “overpopulation” itself has a vague definition, and added more information to this paragraph to express the opposing viewpoint more clearly. I summarized the various sources I read and included the relevant articles in links throughout the paragraph. The second paragraph is mostly a continuation of the arguments presented in the first, using one of the only examples of a differing viewpoint in the article as a starting point. This paragraph also had more of a focus on environmental issues in general, while the first paragraph addressed a variety of other topics. 

Most of the articles I researched addressed similar topics and expressed discontent with the popular narrative surrounding overpopulation. The articles written by Lyman Stone, Heather Alberro, and Peter Wells and Anne Touboulic focus on the economic argument, tackling the issues of natural resources and supply and demand. As previously mentioned, those who are concerned about overpopulation will cite the impact humans are having on the environment as an example that the human race is living beyond its means. In fact, a small population of humans are living beyond these means, and manufacturing products that simultaneously use up and pollute the earth’s resources. Alberro, in the article “Debunking ‘Overpopulation’”, cites the statistic “The consumption of the world’s wealthiest 10 percent produces up to 50 percent of the planet’s consumption-based CO₂ emissions, while the poorest half of humanity contributes only 10 percent” (Alberro). This shifts the blame back from the individual consumer to the capitalist system which produces more than it needs, then hordes the surplus and says the population needs to decrease for everyone to get their share. The article by Erle C. Ellis takes a more personalized approach to the subject, citing first hand conversations with colleagues about overpopulation and the misconceptions around the subject. 

There is one article, written by Robert Fletcher, which not only addresses the economic arguments surrounding overpopulation, but also has a detailed explanation of the link between eugenics, race, and the idea of overpopulation. The article “Barbarian Hordes: the Overpopulation Scapegoat in International Development Discourse” discusses how the idea of overpopulation can be used as a justification for atrocities such as eugenics or forced sterilization:  ...the state’s concern with nurturing life applied primarily to its own population, conceived as an organism in competition with other national populations for limited resources and living space…” (Alberro). The fear of overpopulation is not an excuse for these actions that oppressors use against an oppressed group (generally white against communities of color). It is important to challenge the narratives surrounding overpopulation to ensure oppressors are not able to hide behind this idea. 

In short, I did not think the wording of the Wikipedia article outwardly displayed a bias. However, the glaring lack of a counterargument was an example of implicit bias. The fact that overpopulation is being used to blame issues such as food scarcity on individuals instead of corporations needs to be addressed. Also, the usage of the concept of overpopulation could encourage oppressors to attempt to disguise eugenics as an attempt to solve the aforementioned issues of climate change, food scarcity, and others. If these changes were to be implemented, I would hope that this perspective allows readers to think critically about the concept of overpopulation. 

Works Cited

Alberro, Heather. “Debunking ‘Overpopulation.’” Ecologist, 16 April 2020. Web. 

https://theecologist.org/2020/apr/16/debunking-overpopulation

Ellis, Erle C. “Overpopulation is Not the Problem.” The New York Times, 13 September 2013. 

Web. https://my.vanderbilt.edu/greencities/files/2014/08/overpopulation-is-not.pdf

Fletcher, Robert. “Barbarian Hordes: The Overpopulation Scapegoat in International Development Discourse.” Taylor & Francis Online, 2 October 2014. Web.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2014.926110?casa_token=DHJuHTs76sUAAAAA%3AsHy3C0NkWG8qnMvxIiGJgMQbOrk1ONGSBuZbe3HW7Pk_hzcxKsaZ-ifpXNKj_8i-q1KjDNtaklBO

Stone, Lyman. “Why You Shouldn’t Obsess About ‘Overpopulation.’” Vox, 11 July 2018. Web. 

https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/12/12/16766872/overpopulation-exaggerated-concern-climate-change-world-population

Touboulic, Anne and Wells, Peter. “Rich and Famous Lifestyles are Damaging the Environment in Untold Ways.” The Conversation, 23 January, 2017. Web. https://theconversation.com/rich-and-famous-lifestyles-are-damaging-the-environment-in-untold-ways-71641

Wikipedia Contributors. “Human Overpopulation.” Wikipedia, 8 Dec. 2020. Web.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation

[teatimewithtess]

My Experience at a 4 Week Summer School

Arkansas Governor’s School is a 4 week summer program where the 400 most gifted and talented students meet to discuss the future of the worlds’ current mindset while also gaining new insight from experienced college professors and top high school teachers. The daily schedule is divided into three areas: Area I, an assigned class focused on one specific education (i.e. English, math, social science, natural science, instrumental music, etc.), area II, a philosophy based course focused on critical thinking skills, and area III, the class where we used the critical thinking techniques from area II to apply them to the social issues of today, such as racism, school shootings, climate change, etc. In order to become a student of AGS, one must fill out the simple application process which includes the following: an essay regarding the provided prompt, 2 recommendation letters, a list of achievements/accomplishments in high school, a writing assignment about your reasoning for choosing your desired area I subject, and another essay about why you want to attend AGS. After completing all required materials in the admission process, you then wait until you receive an email granting your secured spot in attending AGS. Receiving that specific email was a step towards the road of change, and I was completely unaware.

Now, let me post a slight disclaimer: I might use the same type of wording in order to express how AGS went for me, but I simply cannot help it. I will not over hype nor will I under exaggerate the experience as a whole. I will speak of my time, what I did, who I met, and how I felt. Let us begin.

First, I wrote in a black leather bound journal every day. I titled each day “AGS Day -- July --” in order to keep my days straight because I honestly did not ever have an idea of what day it was, or what time it was. The first two weeks we were not allowed to have our phones and it was one of the most refreshing times, mentally. I was glad I never knew what time it was; I was going through each day with no worry. I never had a thought about who I need to text, what other people were up to, or what was happening in the news. Having met so many new, different people at one time without having my cellphone was an oasis for my mind. I could openly connect with other different ways of thinking, which overall affected me in a positive way because I forced myself to listen purely- not listen to speak. By speaking less and observing more, I was able to do so much more. For me, it was writing. Now, the writing in this journal was not for feelings and “he loves me, he loves me not” ideas, it was simply to physically document everything that happened that day because if I did not, I would forget them. Time shows no mercy for our memories, and I wanted to make sure that they lived forever.

Secondly, I took notes on EVERYTHING. When lectures occurred at 4:00pm and 6:00pm, I would go to as many as I could and gain as much knowledge as I could. With that, I now have many pages filled in my journal and many other notebooks of what experienced professors had to say. The topics ranged from food psychology to life beyond Earth, the ending of a story to the psychology of self talk in sports, and the debate between science and god to the dissection of short films. If you can think it, there was a lecture on it. Of course I did not want to forget any of those talks either, especially when they were delivering valuable information that is not even mentioned in high school, so I documented the ones that were most interesting to me. The memories of knowledge can be refreshed.

Next, one of the most impactful habits I began was writing down questions. Whenever I started to read philosophy about a year ago, I developed a new, open way of thinking. With this new way of thinking, I started to have more and more questions about everything, which eventually led me to discover the psychological side of it in philosophy via research papers. However, I never thought about writing these down because I thought they were ridiculous or other people would quickly dismiss them; but, as soon as I sat through the first day of area II realizing I had already written down a full page of questions, I knew I needed to continue this practice. Luckily, I met a few very impactful people that allowed me to ask these questions and actually nurtured the methodology I had. 

With that, I prepare for the most important part of my AGS experience: the professors.

I met approximately 5 people that influenced me in the greatest of ways. The first one is a satirical, yet highly intelligent English professor that taught my afternoon area I class, English. He was the first person that noticed my reading of philosophy and became ecstatic at the idea of a student my age reading these works this early. I continued to converse with him occasionally after class and during lunch, where he introduced me to the process of acquiring a PhD in English, and English in college as a whole. He gave me many book titles, notes he took in college, and most importantly a confidence in sharing my ideas. Unfortunately, in my English area I class specifically, I encountered many roadblocks regarding peoples’ way of thinking that forced me to refrain from expressing my ideas/logic. This professor however witnessed I was occurring this phenomenon and later wrote to me that my ideas need to be spread. Since we are on the topic of English professors, there was another mentor that encouraged me to do more creative writing. This old fellow was a master of poetry, but somehow adored my work and pursued me to write a novel after reading one of my pieces. He also endorsed my reading of philosophy, and will also stay in touch post AGS. The instrumental music teacher and I became great friends after attending one of his many Jazz classes. He was a quirky professor of jazz that truly represented the epitome of what a musician is. You could see his love for music in his performing, and I respect and praise that from a student perspective, being a musician myself. He noticed how much I supported my fellow musicians and loved the idea of me doing so. He inspired me to keep smiling as much as I do, and that simple gesture stuck with me. No one has ever told me to continue ‘being happy’, they only question why I do smile. Coming from an older, loving musician, it meant a lot to me. I also met with a library technician that informed me on the world of publishing and writing for the public. She gave me tremendous advice that will help me as soon as I begin writing research articles in college, and I am forever grateful for her insight. Finally, there is one professor that influenced me the greatest. He is an optimistic psychologist that taught my area II class of philosophy/critical thinking. After talking to him several times post class, it gradually became a regular thing after lectures and movies, and even during dinner or lunch. After one  specific talk, he helped me gain traction on what my career goals were. He introduced me to psychology, which I had never even thought about before, and unconsciously opened this academic door that will help me as I complete my final year of college and begin my long journey of becoming an academic. Each conversation posed new questions I immediately needed to document or write about later, and it all eventually led to my reading list reach an unfathomable amount. He nurtured my constant need of questions, unlike other teachers that quickly dismiss them to junk since I am still a teenager, which means it is irrational for me to ask such questions even though they themselves cannot likely define what irrationality is. I cannot praise in written word anymore how impactful this professor was. I will forever be in his debt.

The best part of AGS was the professors because they volunteered to work with these 400 kids. They helped shape me into me. They helped guide me into the right area of assessing who I am and what do I know, and who are the others and what do they know. The atmosphere they created was unlike any other; it was comforting, yet challenging, welcoming, but serious. Even in just the small time I had with these mentors, I believed I could trust them with any thought I had. In some ways, it felt as if they were trying to figure me out, which made the camp even more entertaining. They welcomed my thoughts and ideas with open arms which allowed me to grow exponentially. 

Because of this whole experience, I resulted in developing particular habits that might not make much sense to many people but I know it makes sense to these mentors and fellow students of the camp.

1) Every time I have a memory, flashback, dream, nightmare, vision, or daydream, I write it down. I came to the conclusion that if I do not write down these events then I will forget them, and I need them to use as inspiration.

2) When I have a question, I write it down as well. I hope in the future I can answer some of them, but not all of them.

3) I read some type of research paper and/or listen to a podcast related to my future field of study.

4) I take a heavy amount of notes on everything I hear/read. I did not realize until after this camp how much I enjoy taking notes, especially when it is just verbal, so I have to exercise my comprehension skills. I also, depending on the importance of the talk, will record certain lectures given it is relevant information that I need later on.

Alongside these habits I also developed lasting friendships with fellow students all across the state. Our wavelengths are compatible, which presents positive signs for a lasting relationship with one another. I know I will see them in the near future. 

I will never forget this meta strophic event that planted itself in my teenage years, and I hope my search for the same atmosphere I was in for 4 weeks is successful.