Words borrowed from other languages in English
Very incomplete list, based mostly on The Languages of the World (3rd ed.), Kenneth Katzner, 2002 + a heavy use of Wiktionary. some notes:
Many of these words have passed through multiple languages on their way to English (e.g. Persian -> Arabic -> Spanish -> French -> English); in that case I usually list them under the first language that used them in the same acception as English.
I generally don't include words whose ancestors already existed in Middle English, unless their origin was exotic enough to be interesting.
The vast majority of borrowings are terms very specific to their culture of origin; I generally only include those that are either very well known amng English-speakers, or of general use outside that culture.
INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY (West and South Eurasia)
Hellenic
Greek: angel, chronometer, democracy, encyclopedia, geography, graphic, hieroglyphic, homogeneous, hydraulic, meter, microscope, monarchy, philosophy, phobia, photography, telephone, and way too many other scientific or technical terms to count
Germanic
Afrikaans: aardvark, apartheid, fynbos, rooibos, springbok, trek, veld, wildebeest
Danish: Lego, simper
Dutch: brandy, bumpkin, coleslaw, cookie, deck, dock, dollar, freight, furlough, hodgepodge, landscape, maelstrom, noodle, Santa Claus, waffle, walrus, yacht
German: aurochs, bildungsroman, blitzkrieg, cobalt, dachsund, eigenvector, ersatz, gestalt, glockenspiel, hamburger, hinterland, kindergarten, kohlrabi, lager, poodle, quark, sauerkraut, wanderlust, yodel, zeitgeist
Icelandic: eider, geyser
Norwegian: auk, fjord, krill, lemming, narwhal, slalom, troll
Swedish: lek, mink, ombudsman, rutabaga, smorgasbord, tungsten
Yiddish: bupkis, chutzpah, kvetch, putz, schlemiel, schmaltz, schmooze, schtick, spiel, tchotchke
Slavic
Czech: robot
Russian: fedora, glasnost, intelligentsia, kefir, mammoth, pogrom, samizdat, steppe, sputnik, troika, tsar, vodka
Serbo-Croat: cravat, paprika
Celtic [many of these words are shared between the two languages]
Irish: bog, galore, gaol, geas, glen, orrery, shamrock, slob, whiskey
Scottish Gaelic: bard, bunny, cairn, clan, loch, ptarmigan, ?scone, slogan
Italic-Romance
†Latin: [way too many]
French: [way too many]
Italian: allegro, aria, balcony, bandit, bravo, calamari, casino, cello, chiaroscuro, crescendo, contraband, contrapposto, fresco, gazette, ghetto, gusto, inferno, lagoon, lava, mafia, malaria, pants, quarantine, tempo, umbrella, vendetta, volcano
Portuguese: baroque, brocade, cachalot, cobra, creole, flamingo, petunia, pimento, zebra
Spanish: abalone, armadillo, bolas, bonanza, canyon, cargo, chupacabra, cigar, cilantro, embargo, gaucho, guerrilla, junta, manta, mesa, mosquito, mustang, patio, pueblo, rodeo, siesta, tornado, vanilla
Iranian
Persian: bazaar, caravan, checkmate, chess, crimson, dervish, divan, jackal, jasmine, khaki, kiosk, lemon, lilac, musk, orange, pajama, paradise, satrap, shawl, taffeta
Indo-Aryan
†Sanskrit: brahmin, Buddha, chakra, guru, karma, mantra, opal, swastika, yoga
Bengali: dinghy, jute, nabob
Hindi: bandana, bungalow, cheetah, chintz, chutney, coolie, cot, dungaree, juggernaut, lacquer, loot, rajah, pundit, shampoo, tom-tom, thug, veranda
Marathi: mongoose
Romani: hanky-panky, pal, shiv
Sinhalese: anaconda, beriberi, serendipity, tourmaline
DRAVIDIAN FAMILY (Southern India)
Kannada: bamboo
Malayalam: atoll, calico, copra, jackfruit, mahogany, mango, pagoda, teak
Tamil: curry, mulligatawny, pariah
Telugu: bandicoot
URALIC FAMILY (Northern Eurasia)
Finnic
Finnish: sauna
Saami: tundra
Samoyedic
Nenets: parka
Ugric
Hungarian: biro, coach, goulash, hussar, puszta, tokay
VASCONIC FAMILY (Northern Pirenees)
Basque: chaparral, chimichurri, silhouette
TURKIC FAMILY (Central Eurasia)
†Old Turkic: cossack, yurt
Tatar: ?stramonium
Turkish: baklava, balaclava, bergamot, caftan, caviar, harem, janissary, kebab, kismet, minaret, pastrami, sherbet, tulip, yoghurt
Yakut: taiga
MONGOLIC FAMILY (Mongolia and surrounding areas)
Mongol: horde, khan, ?valerian
SINO-TIBETAN FAMILY (China and Southeast Asia)
Tibeto-Burman
Burmese: ?marzipan
Tibetan: lama, panda, tulpa, yak, yeti
Sinitic [Chinese languages closely related, not always clear from which a borrowing comes]
Hokkien: ?ketchup, sampan, tea
Mandarin: chi, dao, dazibao, gung-ho, kaolin, oolong, shaolin, shanghai, yin-yang
Min Nan: nunchaku
Yue (Cantonese): chop suey, dim sum, kowtow, kumquat, lychee, shar-pei, ?typhoon, wok
TUNGUSIC FAMILY (Eastern Siberia)
Evenki: pika, shaman
KOREANIC FAMILY (Koreas)
Korean: bulgogi, chaebol, hantavirus, kimchi, mukbang, taekwondo
JAPONIC FAMILY (Japan)
Japanese: banzai, bonsai, dojo, emoji, geisha, ginkgo, hikikomori, honcho, ikebana, kamikaze, karaoke, koi, kudzu, manga, origami, pachinko, rickshaw, sake, samurai, sensei, soy, sushi, tofu, tsunami, tycoon, zen
AUSTRONESIAN FAMILY (maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania)
Western Malayan
Javanese: ?junk [ship]
Malay: amok, cockatoo, compound [building], cootie, durian, kapok, orangutan, paddy, pangolin, rattan, sarong
Barito
Malagasy: raffia
Phlippinic
Cebuano: dugong
Ilocano: yo-yo
Tagalog: boondocks
Oceanic
Hawai'ian: aloha, hula, luau, poi, wiki
Maori: kauri, kiwi, mana, weta
Marshallese: bikini
Tahitian: pareo, tattoo
Tongan: taboo
TRANS-NEW GUINEAN FAMILY (New Guinea)
Fore: kuru
PAMA-NYUNGAN FAMILY (Australia)
Dharug: boomerang, corroboree, dingo, koala, wallaby, wobbegong, wombat, woomera
Guugu Yimithirr: kangaroo, quoll
Nyungar: dunnart, gidgee, quokka
Pitjantjatjara: Uluru
Wathaurong: bunyip
Wiradjuri: kookaburra
Yagara: dilly bag
AFRO-ASIATIC FAMILY (North Africa and Near East)
Coptic: adobe
Berber
Tachelhit: argan
Semitic
†Punic: Africa
Arabic: albatross, alchemy, alcohol, alcove, alfalfa, algebra, alkali, amber, arsenal, artichoke, assassin, candy, coffee, cotton, elixir, gazebo, gazelle, ghoul, giraffe, hashish, harem, magazine, mattress, monsoon, sofa, sugar, sultan, syrup, tabby, tariff, zenith, zero
Hebrew: amen, behemoth, cabal, cherub, hallelujah, kibbutz, kosher, manna, myrrh, rabbi, sabbath, Satan, seraph, shibboleth
NIGER-CONGO FAMILY (Subsaharan Africa)
unknown: cola, gorilla, tango
Senegambian
Wolof: banana, fonio, ?hip, ?jigger [parasite], karite, ?jive, yam
Gur-Adamawa
Ngbandi: Ebola
Kwa
Ewe: voodoo
Volta-Niger
Igbo: okra
Yoruba: gelee [headgear], mambo, oba, orisha
Cross River
Ibibio: calypso
Bantu
Lingala: basenji
Kikongo: ?chimpanzee, ?macaque, ?zombie
Kimbundu: ?banjo, Candomblé, gumbo, macumba, tanga
Swahili: askari, Jenga, kwanzaa, safari
Xhosa: Ubuntu
Zulu: impala, mamba, vuvuzela
KHOE-KWADI FAMILY (Southwest Africa)
Khoekhoe (Hottentot): gnu, kudu, quagga
ESKIMO-ALEUT FAMILY (Arctic America)
Greenlandic Inuit: igloo, kayak
Inuktikut: nunatak
ALGIC FAMILY (Eastern Canada and northeast USA)
†Proto-Algonquin: moccasin, opossum, skunk
Cree: muskeg, pemmican
Mikmaq: caribou, toboggan
Montagnais: husky
Narragansett: ?powwow, sachem
Ojibwe: chipmunk, totem, wendigo, woodchuck
Powhatan: persimmon, raccoon
SALISHAN FAMILY (Pacific coast at the USA-Canada border)
Chehalis: chinook
Halkomelem: sasquatch
Lushootseed: geoduck
IROQUOIAN FAMILY (Eastern North America)
Cherokee: sequoia
SIOUAN FAMILY (Central USA)
Lakota: teepee
MUSKOGEAN FAMILY (Southeast USA)
Choctaw: bayou
UTO-AZTECAN FAMILY (Southwest USA and north Mexico)
Nahuatl: atlatl, avocado, chili, cocoa, coyote, chocolate, guacamole, hoazin, mesquite, ocelot, quetzal, tamale, tegu, tomato
O'odham (Pima): jojoba
Shoshone: chuckwalla
Yaqui: ?saguaro
MAYAN FAMILY (Southern Mexico and Guatemala)
Yucatec Maya: cenote, Chicxulub
ARAWAKAN FAMILY (Caribbeans and South America)
†Taino: barbecue, cannibal, canoe, cassava, cay, guava, hammock, hurricane, iguana, maize, manatee, mangrove, maroon, potato, savanna, tobacco
Arawak: papaya
CARIBAN FAMILY (Caribbean coast of South America)
unknown: curare
Galibi Carib: caiman, chigger, pawpaw, peccary, yucca
QUECHUAN FAMILY (Andes)
Quechua: ?Andes, caoutchouc, coca, condor, guano, jerky, llama, mate, poncho, puma, quinine, vicuna
AYMARAN FAMILY (Andes)
Aymara: alpaca, chinchilla
TUPIAN FAMILY (Brazil)
[borrowings are often shared between these two languages]
†Old Tupi: ananas, arowana, Cayenne [pepper], jaguar, manioc, piranha, tapioca
Guarani: cougar, maracuja, Paraguay, petunia, toucan
CREOLE LANGUAGES (worldwide, mixed origin)
English-derived
Chinese Pidgin English: chopstick, long time no see, pidgin, taipan
Jamaican Creole: dreadlocks, reggae
Chinook-derived
Chinook Jargon: potlatch
EDIT 08-01-24: added lots more examples, especially African, Asian, and North American languages. Still not done.
EDIT 17-01-24: finished adding examples, more or less.
EDIT: 18-02-24: apparently not (cheetah).
EDIT: 20-05-24: nope (mosquito); 30-06-24: jerky, mukbang, cello, glockenspiel, hodgepodge; 06-06-25: marzipan, lagoon, contraband, artichoke
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