#and we are the oldest country in europe

[sword--princess]

great vid about balkan nationalism lol

[sublimeobjectenthusiast]

I

I graduated high school in 99.

There was a student at our school named Wayne.

Wayne was gay. It was obvious. He was unable to stay in the closet even if he wanted to. To make matters worse, he was also Black. From a bullying standpoint, that was not a great combo. Both Black and white students made fun of him relentlessly. He was ostracized from the only community that may have given him protection. Only us theater kids stuck up for him, but not to significant effect.

Wayne was bullied so much that at one point he finally snapped and attacked his bullies with a lunch tray. I was actually seated in perfect line of sight and just sat there chewing my soggy fries in stunned silence. It didn't even seem real as I was witnessing it. The image of him wailing on his main bully as the food on his tray flew off is permanently logged into my long term memory.

The bully he attacked had blood all over his face and went straight to the nurse. Other than superficial cuts, he was not injured.

Before the attack, Wayne went to teachers for help. He went to guidance counselors for help. He went to the principals for help.

He did all of the things you were supposed to do. No one helped him. They wagged a finger at the bullies and warned them to stop.

Wayne's lunch tray melee was the only thing that worked. His bullies stayed far away from him. But a week later Wayne was expelled and the bullies were given no punishment.

So... no.

No one in my school talked about being trans.

Because the only way to survive being openly queer was to bash people with a lunch tray.

[reasonsforhope]

The World's Forests Are Doing Much Better Than We Think

You might be surprised to discover... that many of the world’s woodlands are in a surprisingly good condition. The destruction of tropical forests gets so much (justified) attention that we’re at risk of missing how much progress we’re making in cooler climates.

That’s a mistake. The slow recovery of temperate and polar forests won’t be enough to offset global warming, without radical reductions in carbon emissions. Even so, it’s evidence that we’re capable of reversing the damage from the oldest form of human-induced climate change — and can do the same again.

Take England. Forest coverage now is greater than at any time since the Black Death nearly 700 years ago, with some 1.33 million hectares of the country covered in woodlands. The UK as a whole has nearly three times as much forest as it did at the start of the 20th century.

That’s not by a long way the most impressive performance. China’s forests have increased by about 607,000 square kilometers since 1992, a region the size of Ukraine. The European Union has added an area equivalent to Cambodia to its woodlands, while the US and India have together planted forests that would cover Bangladesh in an unbroken canopy of leaves.

Logging in the tropics means that the world as a whole is still losing trees. Brazil alone removed enough woodland since 1992 to counteract all the growth in China, the EU and US put together. Even so, the planet’s forests as a whole may no longer be contributing to the warming of the planet. On net, they probably sucked about 200 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year between 2011 and 2020, according to a 2021 study. The CO2 taken up by trees narrowly exceeded the amount released by deforestation. That’s a drop in the ocean next to the 53.8 billion tons of greenhouse gases emitted in 2022 — but it’s a sign that not every climate indicator is pointing toward doom...

More than a quarter of Japan is covered with planted forests that in many cases are so old they’re barely recognized as such. Forest cover reached its lowest extent during World War II, when trees were felled by the million to provide fuel for a resource-poor nation’s war machine. Akita prefecture in the north of Honshu island was so denuded in the early 19th century that it needed to import firewood. These days, its lush woodlands are a major draw for tourists.

It’s a similar picture in Scandinavia and Central Europe, where the spread of forests onto unproductive agricultural land, combined with the decline of wood-based industries and better management of remaining stands, has resulted in extensive regrowth since the mid-20th century. Forests cover about 15% of Denmark, compared to 2% to 3% at the start of the 19th century.

Even tropical deforestation has slowed drastically since the 1990s, possibly because the rise of plantation timber is cutting the need to clear primary forests. Still, political incentives to turn a blind eye to logging, combined with historically high prices for products grown and mined on cleared tropical woodlands such as soybeans, palm oil and nickel, mean that recent gains are fragile.

There’s no cause for complacency in any of this. The carbon benefits from forests aren’t sufficient to offset more than a sliver of our greenhouse pollution. The idea that they’ll be sufficient to cancel out gross emissions and get the world to net zero by the middle of this century depends on extraordinarily optimistic assumptions on both sides of the equation.

Still, we should celebrate our success in slowing a pattern of human deforestation that’s been going on for nearly 100,000 years. Nothing about the damage we do to our planet is inevitable. With effort, it may even be reversible.

-via Bloomburg, January 28, 2024

[slyandthefamilybook]

Why do people hate Jews? Simply put, because we're still here. Jews are one of the oldest continuously existing indigenous groups. We've survived persecution from such ancient empires as Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. We've survived while their mighty walls crumbled to dust and their lives were lost to mythology. We've survived expulsions from practically every country in Europe, most of the countries in Central Asia, and even a few in Africa.

Everything we are is in defiance of every nation on Earth.

We pride ourselves on our communal spirit. We care for each other. We're self-sustaining. We ensure our own existence. Against all odds, we're still here, and we will still be here after whatever hardships we're currently facing. Our oppression has hardened our skin, reinforced our bones. You cannot kill us. Every time you try, it only makes us stronger

It's circular reasoning. People hate the Jews because it's been the thing to do for millennia. "109 countries can't be wrong!" They hate us because we've been hated, they oppress us because we've been oppressed. The irony is the more they try to kill us, the harder we'll fight for survival. The more they try to exterminate us, the more they guarantee our longevity. We will outlive them

[omeryotam4]

A few days ago, in my quest to fight the antisemitism that lifted its head around the world following the massacre of October 7th, I stumbled upon a clip from a UN assembly where the speaker asked a simple question-

Dear Arab world, where are your Jews?

A lot of people think that Israeli roots come from Europe exclusively. But in fact, Jewish people were hunted in all corners of this world. In Europe, of course, but also in Asia, Africa and other places all over the planet.

My grandma is an Iraqi Jew. Iraqi Jewish community is one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world, being the direct descendants of the Babylonian exile Jews, so ancient it is an exile mentioned in the Bible.

Recent studies, in which DNA retrieved from canaanite burial lands was compared to current populations in the area of ancient Canaan, has found that Iraqi Jews share the highest similarity to canaanite DNA out of all Jewish communities, more than 50% of the DNA on average.

All the beautiful, peaceful Jewish communities of the Arab world were wiped out in the blink of an eye.

The Arabic world has never treated their Jewish communities as equal citizens, oftentimes robbing them of any rights and performing violent acts of genocide against them (check 'Farhud' on Google).

But their voice was silenced once they fled to Israel.

So I decided to recap my grandma's story in the comments of the clip:

Soon after, many Jewish people with Arabic, or 'Mizrahi' heritage, shared their stories as well:

Jewish people all over the planet were driven out of their homes, ethnically cleansed by their neighbors, rulers, and governments.

We are still not welcome in most of the countries of the Arab world. Unable to see glimpses of our history.

My grandma still wishes she could see the house she grew up in. Holding the memories, but unable to set foot in that land, because she would be executed.

Nevertheless, she's not a refugee. She might've fled to Israel, but in Israel, her family got equal rights as citizens, and she built a house on a land she now calls her home.

Don't erase my grandma's story. Don't erase the Jewish ethnic cleansing that brought her to seek a safe haven in Israel.

Israel is a home for more than half of the Jewish people on this planet. Out of the ~8,000,000 Jews who live in Israel, there are about ~2,500,000 Jews of Mizrahi heritage.

And as Golda Meir once said: "our secret weapon is that we have nowhere else to go."

[thetinyadventurer]

Weird realization to hit me at 6 in the morning but here we go! Mole’s line to Helga on the Ulysses:

To me this implies that Helga was the one who had to go and collect everybody for the expedition like freaking Black Widow in The Avengers. I can just imagine Mr.Whitmore going. “Okay, Helga, we’ve got a lot to do! Go and notify the people on this list!”

Helga: -looks at list, sees Mole’s name- -irritated eye twitch-

Helga (in her head): “Oh, god, why me?”

Helga (out loud): “Yes sir, consider it done!”

It also makes sense to me because in October of 1914, when the movie takes place, WWI had already started in Europe. Mole would’ve been a pretty damn good trench digger! I just imagined this little round guy in the middle of the trenches having the time of his life digging holes (laughing creepily the entire time).

I can just see Helga putting on a helmet and zipping through the place trying to find him and being like. “They don’t pay me enough for this crap!” Also, wow, if that’s the case then she probably had to go grab Vinny, too. And the dude was a demo expert which would’ve been invaluable to the war effort! Which makes me wonder how in the world Mr.Whitmore managed to get those two out of their respective countries? Did he pay the brass or something? That would make sense because I *think* that some people paid their way out of recruitment?

(I’m going to double check this as I’m not 100% sure).

I have to do more research on this.

Also, Helga’s family are multi-national (her Mom is German, her Dad is American) and she comes from a military family. She’s 30, the oldest of five or six kids, the rest of which were boys, so her brothers would’ve been old enough to be drafted into either army. So now I’m wondering if the reason she was so desperate to get the money from selling The Heart of Atlantis was so she could pay for her brothers to not have to fight? Which would’ve been a pretty damn cool motivation in my opinion! But, hey, it’s just a thought. -shrugs-

[blueiscoool]

Mystery of the 1627 Knight’s Tomb in Jamestown Virginia Solved

Archaeologists have solved the centuries-old mystery behind the oldest known tombstone in the United States carrying an English knight, illuminating in the process the complexities of ancient trade routes.

According to a new study, the tombstone likely came from Belgium and was erected in 1627 in Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in what became the United States. The authors of the study, published in the International Journal of Historical Archaeology, analyzed the carvings and inlays of the structure to determine its country of origin. Some mystery persists; they have yet to determine where exactly in Europe the black limestone slab of the tombstone originated.

Fragments of the tombstone contained fossil microbes, many of where not native to North America. These microbe fossils, however, were found in present-day Belgium and Ireland.

“Therefore, the knight’s tombstone had to be imported from Europe. Historical evidence suggests Belgium, from where it was transshipped in London and on to Jamestown,” the scientists stated, as first quoted in the Independent.

They continued: “We hypothesize it was quarried and cut to size in Belgium, shipped down the Meuse River, across the English Channel to London where it was carved and the brass inlays installed, and finally shipped on to Jamestown.”

A carved depression in the container suggests the presence of brass inlays of a shield, an open scroll, and the likeness of an armored man. According to surviving historical records, two knights died in the colony in the 17th century: Sir Thomas West (died 1618) and Sir George Yeardley, the latter of whom is a promising candidate for the anonymous knight. Sir Yeardley’s step-grandson purchased a tombstone for himself in the 1680s bearing an identical inscription as the 1627 black limestone one.

The senior Yeardley was born in Southwark, England, in 1588 and landed in Jamestown in 1610 following a shipwreck near Bermuda. He was knighted by King James I after returning to England in 1617. But the sea beckoned and he returned to Jamestown in 1621, where he died in 1627.

“Successful Virginia colonists who had lived in London would have been familiar with the latest English fashions and tried to replicate these in the colonies,” the study concluded.

Bt Tessa Solomon.

[fdelopera]

Antisemites are going mask-off. And we Jews see you.

So some shit for brains antisemite sent me this message the other day. This is one of several antisemitic Anons I've gotten recently, but this one is the most blatant.

My first response was to taunt them. I thought of writing something like this:

"Hey, you fucking loser, you forgot the part of your Nazi script where you try to deny that the Holocaust happened. Lame ass motherfucker, you can't even get your own lies right. Next time you try harassing a Jew online, at least try to tow the Nazi party line, you white supremacist. Also, you fucking COWARD, how dare you come to my inbox on Anonymous. If you’re going to tell me you wish I would die in a Nazi gas chamber, at least have the common courtesy to tell me your username so I know who I am blocking."

But then, I thought: No. That's not how to respond. Because that's not what this is about.

I mean, don’t get me wrong. Making fun of a stupid a Nazi by telling them that they forgot to deny the Holocaust when they decided to harass me for being a Jew — that is gallows humor of the darkest kind. But a morbidly glib zinger of a reply doesn’t actually address the real issue here.

The real issue is that a lot of you with antisemitic tendencies have been going completely mask-off the last few weeks, and you have been diving headfirst into Jew-hatred.

You are finally feeling liberated to speak the Jew-hating words that you have been dying to say.

You have been practically champing at the bit to tell a Jew that you wished there would be another Holocaust so you could get rid of all those millions of "bad Jews" that you don’t like, and now you feel liberated to scream those words from the rooftops.

Over the last few weeks, we Jews have been watching you, some of you that we considered to be friends, and we’ve seen many of you turn on us and spit out the most vile, hateful things about us.

And we know exactly what you will be doing when the next Nazi craze spreads like wildfire from country to country, throughout cities and towns.

You like to claim that you would have been punching Nazis in the face during World War II. You like to claim that you would have protected us. Some of you even like to claim that you would have sheltered us, like the heroes who hid Anne Frank.

But we know better.

No. That’s all just romantic bullshit that some of you like to tell yourselves to make yourselves feel important.

In reality, you would have been deciding who is a "good Jew" and who is a "bad Jew." You would have been deciding who you should rat out to the police for a reward. You wouldn’t be protecting us! You would be saying, "I really don't like that Jew. I’m going to go tell the Gestapo about them." Or worse, you would be saying, "Oh, that Jew over there, they’re just an animal. They’re barely human. The Nazis can kill them, I don’t care."

Most of the people who turned against their Jewish neighbors in Nazi occupied Europe weren't monstrous, inhuman beasts. Most of them were people, just like you, who had been conditioned to hate Jews by nearly two thousand years of Christian antisemitism coupled with a targeted campaign of white supremacist propaganda. This widespread antisemitism allowed the Nazis to transform an irrational and enculturated feeling of distrust towards Jews into a feeling of intense hatred, where gentiles demonized Jewish people and blamed "those Jews" for all the bad things that were happening in the world.

And the white supremacists are doing it again. And YOU are falling for their trap. Again!

Don't you get it? This is the oldest trick in the book! Periods of antisemitic violence usually erupt every 70-100 years or so, after most of the Jewish elders who hold the living memory of the last genocide have all passed away. And the Holocaust was 80 years ago. And here we are. Again.

And just like the Christians in Europe who turned on their Jewish neighbors, you are starting to turn on us.

You buy into antisemitic conspiracy theories, just like the white supremacists do.

You stand in the streets, screaming "gas the Jews" and "die Jews die."

You sound like the Proud Boys. You sound like Nazis. Do you even hear yourselves???

You pretend that all Jews are all a monolith and a hive mind, and you try to convince yourselves that we are all a proxy for the fucking Israeli government, which the vast majority of Jews fucking despise. If we could, trust me, most of us would strangle Netanyahu with our bare hands.

You celebrate Jewish deaths because you have convinced yourselves that killing a random Jewish civilian is "just the same" as killing Netanyahu, because you have manipulated yourselves into believing that all Jews are the Israeli government.

And you don't see how fucking STUPID that is!!

Jewish people are no more the Israeli government than YOU are YOUR government.

A people are NOT their government.

According to Tumblr statistics, nearly half of you reading this will be from the US. Shall I blame YOU personally for the actions of the US government? Of course fucking not! And you'd better fucking not blame random Jews for Netanyahu!

And some of you Jew-haters, in pretending that Jews are all a monolith and a hive mind, even say vile, antisemitic shit like, "Looks like the Jews are becoming the Nazis."

You choose those words carefully, twisting the Shoah, our greatest tragedy, into a knife. You try to weaponize the slaughter of our people against us. You try to reduce the 6 million of us who were murdered into a white supremacist meme.

YOU SOUND LIKE THE FUCKERS AT A TRUMP RALLY, FOR FUCKS SAKE. DO YOU EVEN HEAR YOURSELVES???

And you do that to dehumanize us. You do that to feel morally superior. You do that to feel less uncomfortable when you laugh at our deaths.

But we know that WE are not becoming Nazis. But YOU are. The reason you say that shit about us is because YOU are projecting YOUR insecurities onto us.

Because you know that you are slowly, insidiously being coopted by the Nazi ideology of David Duke and Richard Spencer.

And perhaps somewhere deep down, you feel uneasy about it. So you accuse Jews of being a monolith, a hive mind, and then you say stupid antisemitic shit like, "Maybe the Jews are the Nazis after all."

And you say that to yourselves so that you can turn off your empathy and celebrate as you watch us die.

What a disgusting way to try to absolve yourselves of YOUR guilt.

And we Jews are watching you. We’re watching you very carefully. And when the dust settles, you will have found that we have vanished from your life.

Very soon, you won’t see us again.

And no, that won't be because we'll be walking into the gas chambers, as much as you'd like us to, like some historical movie about the Holocaust that you watched when you were a child but turned off halfway through because you just didn't care.

NEVER AGAIN MEANS NEVER AGAIN.

As much as we know that you ENJOY watching our deaths (sanitized, of course, with a blur filter over the video so that you don’t have to feel too guilty about watching us being tortured and murdered), that’s not the reason you won’t be seeing us again.

The reason you won’t be seeing us again is because we will be walking out of YOUR life.

You have lost us as friends, and you might not even know it yet.

We are gone from your life, because we know that we can’t trust you.

We know that when the Nazis come to our community and march down the street hoisting their swastikas and doing their Sieg Heils (I've seen it with my own eyes) … when the Nazis harass us Jews in the street (I've seen it with my own eyes) … when the Nazis SHOOT US DEAD (it happened at a synagogue a block away from my synagogue, and many of those who saw it will never open their eyes again) — we know you won’t help us.

You will shove us into the line of fire.

And we know that you’ll absolve your conscience, so you won’t feel too bad about our deaths. You’ll tell yourselves, “It’s okay. Why should I have protected that one? That one was a bad Jew.”

We Jews see you. We see your hypocrisy on full display.

And we are telling you this:

If you see Jewish civilians being tortured and murdered, no matter what country they are from, and your first response is to CELEBRATE … if your first response is to post memes that say shit like, "The Jews fucked around and found out" … if your first response is to say that mass murdering Jews is "brutal but justified" … if your first response is to behave like a Q-Anon believer or a MAGA-hat wearing Republican and treat all Jews like we're a monolith, a hive mind…

When THAT is your response to seeing a tragedy unfolding, you are a FAILED ally, and a FAILED advocate.

You are an antisemite.

But mostly, you are just a really horrible, shitty person.

And we don’t want you in our life.

[anamericangirl]

Hi, you are aware 99% of ppl condemning the colonizers are also condemning past colonization yes?

I condem the settler state of Israel. i conem them for what they have done to Palestine,i condem them for how they treat holocaust survivors.

I condem them for using the genocide of their ppl as a reason to cause genocide.

I condemn them for Bombing hospitals full of the sick elderly frail and young. Saying that a building AT OR BELOW SEA LEVEL can have tunnels. (Fun facts we all have “tunnels” it’s called SEWWERS)

You know that they have indiscriminately killed off some of the oldest CHRISTIAN bloodlines yes? Because your savior, the prophet son of god, Jesus was a Palestinian. A middle eastern man. So Ofcourse his first followers, and their descendants would be living in Palestine.

Jews and Muslims and Christians lived and coexisted in PEACE for millennia. And then Israel was formed as a way to get rid of the Jews from Europe in a “humane” manor. As a way to put a western agenda in the Middle East.

I condemn what Jesus would condemn.

And this is not to say I’m gungho Hamas. But if you were constantly being curb stomed. Killed starved imprisoned. You too would get to a point where you would consider violence.

It's amazing how you guys manage to get literally every single fact wrong. It's ok not to know things or not even to know everything, but to know nothing about a cause you are advocating for? And more than that, every single claim you make is false? That's inexcusable.

"I condem the settler state of Israel."

They aren't a settler state. You don't know what a settler state is so you should not use that term until you can do so correctly.

"i conem them for what they have done to Palestine."

What have they done?

"i condem them for how they treat holocaust survivors"

How do you think they treat them?

"I condem them for using the genocide of their ppl as a reason to cause genocide"

You are a massive fucking hypocrite. You acknowledge their people are under threat of genocide without condemning Hamas for trying to genocide them and then you condemn Israel for a genocide they aren't even guilty of.

They are not causing genocide and you're pretty rotten to condemn them for a genocide that's not happening while you refuse to condemn the genocide that you admitted was being attempted.

But I guess you don't care when it's a genocide of Jews, huh?

"I condemn them for Bombing hospitals full of the sick elderly frail and young"

They didn't do that you moron. Hamas, the terrorists you simp for, LIED. That is a verifiable fact.

"Saying that a building AT OR BELOW SEA LEVEL can have tunnels"

lmao glad to see you condemn Israel for this but not Hamas for lying, attempting genocide or using children as human shields you ignorant little terrorist apologist.

"You know that they have indiscriminately killed off some of the oldest CHRISTIAN bloodlines yes."

Prove it.

"Because your savior, the prophet son of god, Jesus was a Palestinian. A middle eastern man. So Ofcourse his first followers, and their descendants would be living in Palestine."

Jesus wasn't Palestinian you ignoramus. Palestine didn't exist. Jesus was a Jew.

"Jews and Muslims and Christians lived and coexisted in PEACE for millennia"

That's bullshit. Muslims have been starting wars with Jews and Christians since they came into existence.

"And then Israel was formed as a way to get rid of the Jews from Europe in a “humane” manor. As a way to put a western agenda in the Middle East."

Again, that's bullshit.

"I condemn what Jesus would condemn."

You don't condemn what Jesus would condemn because you're lying about a country and people under attack and supporting their genocide and Jesus wouldn't do that. Don't use the name of Jesus to try and justify your filth and lies. That's blasphemy.

"And this is not to say I’m gungho Hamas. But if you were constantly being curb stomed. Killed starved imprisoned. You too would get to a point where you would consider violence."

You are gungho Hamas. Everything you accuse Israel of doing to them they have done to Israel and you justify their unjustifiable violence and then lie about Israel. What Hamas does to Israel on the daily is magnitudes worse than anything Israel has ever done so shame on you for standing behind them and lying about Israel to justify the slaughter of Jews. Hamas is lucky to have a moron like you at their disposal to spread their lies and anti-semitism for them.

If Hitler was alive right now you'd be kissing his ass too.

You got nothing right. You are a liar. You are just a nasty, repulsive person who hates Jews and supports terrorism and genocide.

So, from the bottom of my heart, fuck you.

[trainsinanime]

LIMAX

I’m tired, I’m bored, let’s talk about the RE18, also sometimes known as LiMAX or Drielandentrein (three countries train).

Euregio

This international regional train connects the region known as Euregio Maas-Rhine, the area around the point where Netherlands, Belgium and Germany meet. The region has a long shared and sometimes weird history. The main cities are Aachen (Germany, about 260,000 inhabitants), Liège (Belgium, about 200,000 people) and Maastricht (Netherlands, about 120,000 folks). A cluster of smaller towns around Heerlen (Netherlands, 86,000 citizens) forms a fourth major pole. Each of the regions gets roughly around half a million inhabitants each, but with a lot of green space in between. Here's a very crude map:

Blue are borders, black are relevant passenger rail lines, red is the one high speed line I'll talk about later.

This region is either right in the centre of Europe, or at the periphery of each of its respective countries, depending on what aspect you look at. Centre of Europe is undeniably better, but it requires international cooperation to work out. For me, living in Aachen, it’s great. My nearest Ikea is in the Netherlands, and I can watch French movies in cinemas in Liège.

But a lot of things aren't perfect, and the regional rail connections are a good example. Differing ticketing systems mean that it's not only expensive to cross the border, it's often very difficult to figure out what it costs at all. In a lot of places, trains only did short hops over the border, and then you had to change to a different train to get anywhere interesting. Some lines weren't even electrified yet. But in 2018, that was all about to change.

LIMAX

The Liège-Maastricht-Aachen express, in short LIMAX, was meant to change all that. The train is officially known as RE 18, which comes from the numbering scheme in the German state of Northrhine-Westphalia but is used for the entire route. It was supposed to run from Liège via Maastricht and Heerlen to Aachen, connecting all the major cities of the Euregio.

This particular train is a dutch project, and connecting Aachen with Liège only happens incidentally. There is a direct Aachen-Liège railway line, actually the oldest international line that’s still in use, including the oldest surviving German railway tunnel, and there is even a high-speed line that bypasses around 90% of the historic line. You can get from Aachen to Liège in less than half an hour on high speed trains (though regional trains are weird and impractical at the moment). This train line is really more about getting people in Heerlen a direct link to Liège, and people in Maastricht a direct link to Aachen.

The train

The train is operated by Arriva Netherlands Limburg, an independent subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, who also operate all other rail and bus lines in the southern half of the dutch province of Limburg. They were actually placed second in the tender for this, but got promoted after it turned out that the actual winner Abellio (a daughter of the dutch state railroads NS) had illegal access to internal documents of previous operator and third-place scorer Veolia from France. To their credit, this came out because Abellio management learned of it and made it public, but rules are rules, so they still got disqualified. This is barely in the top three most interesting stories with Abellio, but we don’t have time for that here.

The service uses Stadler FLIRT 3 electric multiple units. FLIRT is an abbreviation, but nobody bothers remembering what it stands for. The manufacturer also offers or used to offer the TANGO (streetcar), the WINK (smaller version of the FLIRT), KISS (double-decker) and their newest high-speed train, the… SMILE. Cowards.

The FLIRTs for this service are specially equipped for the line, supporting all the different voltages in the overhead lines and all the other necessary support systems… almost. That’s going to become important later.

(Arriva Nederland Limburgs also has other trains, including other FLIRTs, that are only equipped for the Netherlands. I'll ignore them here.)

Services started in December 2018, theoretically. In practice the German leg of the service didn’t work yet. The problem was that the line from Heerlen to Herzogenrath (and then further to Aachen) used to be one of the few non-electrified lines in the region. It was electrified specifically for the RE18, and the work wasn’t quite finished yet. That got resolved, though, and the train is now working mostly well between Germany and the Netherlands. There are still some issues, like how it consistently announces that the doors will open on the left when they will open on the right and vice versa, but those are minor issues. The main problem for me is that it bypasses the Ikea station instead of stopping there.

The much bigger problem was the Belgian line, from (south of) Maastricht to Liège. The Belgian railway authorities were never that enthusiastic about the project to begin with, seeing how it was a private dutch company (though owned by the German government), and the platforms in the intermediate station of Visé were too low for step-free access and needed to be rebuilt. But the real main issue lay elsewhere: The new trains did not have ETCS.

Train control systems

We need a detour here about train control systems. Trains are controlled by signals. If a train passes a red signal, an accident usually follows, so over time every country developed different systems to make sure that doesn’t happen. The specific features of these vary widely. Some just warn the engineer that a red signal is ahead, and stop the train if the engineer doesn’t react. Some activate the emergency brake when the engineer passes a red signal, or when they don’t brake enough. More advanced ones for high speed lines tell the engineer the current allowed speed, upcoming speed changes and how far away they are, like a mini-GPS system, and constantly check that the engineer is driving within these limits. Many systems do a combination of different things.

Almost every country has its own of these systems, generally known by a cryptic abbrevation, and many countries have several. For example, Germany has PZB for all lines and additionally LZB for high-speed lines. The Netherlands have different versions of ATB, Belgium has TBL1+ and so on. The differences between them aren’t relevant for this post, but they’re all very different in what they do and how they do it. The RE 18 trains support all of them, except LZB because they’re not used on lines that make it necessary.

That’s expensive and annoying, so the European Union and European rail industries have developed a new system to replace all of them, the European Train Control System or ETCS. You will also hear the term ERTMS (European rail traffic management system), which includes ETCS and some other things, but in common parlance it usually means the same thing. Despite the name, it is also heavily used outside of Europe, e.g. on China’s high speed rail network.

And yes, that is very much a situation like the classic XKCD comic:

Source: XKCD 927, CC-BY-NC 2.5

(For americans reading this and wondering about PTC: That is a whole mess and almost everyone, including Wikipedia, explains it wrong, but for the purposes of this post we can just say that these systems and in particular ETCS are all something „like“ PTC.)

ETCS will only make sense once all European mainlines are equipped with it, which is still several decades away. But some countries are working harder than others to implement it. In particular, Belgium demands that all new trains since about 2015 have ETCS. Including the Stadler FLIRT for the RE 18.

In this case

The operator protested, because that requirement apparently came in while the trains were in production, and the line in question didn’t even have ETCS at the time (according to the latest Belgian maps it does now). To this day, the trains actually running there, as a Liège-Maastricht shuttle, do not have ETCS. So clearly it's not that essential… yet. Still, Belgian authorities refused to budge, so the trains had to be sent back to the manufacturer to get ETCS installed.

(Aside: ETCS is an open standard, and you can get ETCS equipment both for the tracks and for the trains from many different companies. Stadler, the manufacturer of these trains, only recently got into making ETCS equipment. Before that they had to buy it from competing train makers. These trains are among the first equipped with Stadler’s ETCS solution.)

The first train got it installed, returned to the line, and started tests. It worked well in the Netherlands, it worked well in Germany, it ran into Aachen station and worked well there, it ran back out of Aachen station and it stopped. Full emergency stop. After some testing it was determined that it always does an emergency stop when running out of Aachen station. And nobody is really sure why.

The low-down

We can make some vague guesses, though, because Aachen main station does have some ETCS equipment.

ETCS works partially with radio, but also with what are functionally giant RFID tags, the same basic concept like what you’ll find on a wireless credit card. They’re working at different frequencies and they’re designed for reliable reading at 450 km/h, but the basic idea is pretty much the same. These tags, known as „Balise“ (French for beacon) or Eurobalise, are mounted in the middle of the track, and are often yellow, at least when new. They can either send the same data every time, or be controlled with a cable from a computer.

Not everybody loves ETCS, but everybody seems to like the Eurobalise. It’s simple technology that can transmit a lot of information, and so there are a number of non-ETCS uses for it.

One such use case is transmitting the information of an older train control system. That is what the Belgians do with their TBL1+ system. It’s the same system as TBL1 (there is also a TBL2, but that was a bad idea and is gone now), but it transmits its information with Eurobalises. The idea is that you update these balises later to also transmit ETCS signals. Older trains can just get a balise reader, newer trains can just get ETCS, and you have only a single type of thing in the track instead of two. Switzerland is the first country that is fully ETCS equipped thanks to such a strategy, and Belgium is following suit.

The other use case is the "ETCS-based class B transition". Sounds tough but really isn’t: ETCS has a mechanism to tell the train, "hey, ETCS is ending, switch to ATB/PZB/TBL/…". In this context "Class B" means any system that isn’t ETCS (and that is on the list of things that ETCS knows about, for this purpose). The system ensures that the train really does switch to the other system, and that it stops if the switch doesn’t work. That is very useful and so most border crossings at least in Germany use it these days, even if no other part of ETCS is seen anywhere.

Both of these use cases are well established and ETCS specifically allows for them. Aachen central station is particularly fun because here you will find both of them combined. It is the border station for (passenger) trains to Belgium, so several tracks can be switched to Belgium mode, with Belgian electricity, and with Belgian TBL1+ train control system. The Eurobalises in these tracks pull double duty: They tell trains whether to switch to Belgian or German train control systems, depending on where the route is set, and if the Belgian system is to be used, they also transmit the information from that.

This isn’t new, and has worked well for years. The only other two types of passenger trains approved for the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany (and in one case also France), the Thalys PBKA and the ICE 3M high speed trains, also run through this station and they also have ETCS equipment and it all works.

But something about the combination together with the ETCS equipment in the new trains just doesn’t mesh well. It’s possible that there’s a bug in the software of the train. It’s possible that there’s a bug in the coding of the balises. Maybe it's something else; ETCS is a complex standard with a lot of updates, and the equipment in Aachen hasn't been touched in a while.

A theory I read on a dutch forum said that these balises tell the train to switch to combined PZB+LZB mode, but the train only has PZB mode and gets confused. I don’t know enough about ETCS to know whether this is plausible (and I know way too much about this stupid system already). All we really know for sure is that there are people working on this, and they're not telling us any of the details.

But after a few days where the train just didn’t run to Aachen at all, they found a solution. You know how I said that some tracks can be switched to Belgium mode? The others can’t, so why not just run the train into those?

That was actually easier said than done. Aachen has a lot of tracks, but most of them are used for parking trains. Most German regional trains to Aachen end in Aachen, and then wait here for half an hour or so until they return to where they came from. This isn’t required by the track layout or anything, it’s just convenient because that way, delays don’t build up quite as much. And the best location for that pause is, of course, right at the edge of the country. Centre of Europe? Yeah, sure, whatever…

So the solution is now that the RE18 runs into track 3 and stops in the middle of the platform, where it unloads all passengers. Then it drives forward to the end of the platform, and stays there. Another train, the RB33, pulls in behind it (there’s a red signal between them, don’t worry), and waits for its time to depart. Eventually it does, and shortly thereafter, the RE18 runs back to the middle of the platform, and then a few minutes later, back out again. It’s a silly little dance, but so far nobody has found a better solution.

(Before you start, the end of platform 3 is very narrow and at a non-accessible height, so the train can't just load and unload there.)

As for the Belgian side of things, through-services to Liège will start this December! Woohoo! It seems this thing is finally working.

The Future

The long-term hope is to turn this from an hourly to a half-hourly service. It already is for most of its length, but right now the trains stop in Herzogenrath, just after the German border, because there is no space in the schedule to run them to Aachen yet.

Another hope is to create a completely new service from Aachen to Eindhoven, also using the same trains. Eindhoven wants to be connected to the German ICE network, Aachen wants to be connected to the dutch train network, so this sounds all great. Personally, I have doubt that these trains have enough capacity, but they are currently the only ones that would work. An issue with that is the actual line over the border. This used to be double-tracked, then got single-tracked. Now they want to double-track it again, but when it was electrified, they put the power poles right where the second track used to be. Not sure what they were thinking there.

All of these projects will take years, if not decades, and have in fact already taken years or decades. I’ve been in Aachen since 2007, and things like electrifying the line over the german-dutch border or creating a direct train from Aachen to the center of the Netherlands (or at least Eindhoven) have been in discussion for at least since then. On the one hand, it’s frustrating how slowly all these things are going. On the other, they are happening at all, and looking back ten years or so, it’s quite nice to see what has been accomplished.

I guess my one wish is that they’d finally let the train stop in Heerlen Woonboulevard, I’m tired of changing trains to get to Ikea.

[a-very-tired-jew]

The server closes, but the antisemitism it gave is forever

By the time this gets posted from my queue the Dropout Discord server will have officially closed/froze (May 26th, 2024). However, the looming freeze hasn't dissuaded any of the users in a particular channel from posting their wild conspiracies and outright falsities. Take this one that happened on May 24th.

Fig. 1. User states that Jews should be safe around the world and Zionism was invented by anti-semites (their word) to get the Jews out of Europe. Let's break down this picture. It's the same thing we have heard from goys time and time again about this entire issue. Jews should be safe around the world and we should make the world safer for them so they don't need Israel. Here's the problem...we've tried that multiple times. In fact, there was a whole ideology opposite of Zionism called Bundism that pushed for that very thing. Guess what happened? Bundists were exiled, tortured, imprisoned, cleansed, and killed. That's not to say don't make the world a safer place for us. We'd like it to be. But historically speaking, this sort of action hasn't been consistent. Now, the second part of their post: "Zionism was originally invented by anti-semites who wanted Jews out of Europe". Imagine being so confidently wrong in something. Not only does a quick fact check tell you you're wrong, but demonstrably so. The "Father of Zionism" is Theodor Herzl who helped formalize an ideology that was already present in Judaism. His actions were inspired by the Dreyfus Affair. If you don't know what this is, a Jewish officer of the French army was falsely accused of being a spy and imprisoned. The actual culprit was identified and the French army suppressed the evidence and acquitted him, he was not Jewish. Throughout this time there was rampant antisemitism in French society, which had previously been viewed as a liberal bastion of acceptance. If this place that intellectuals viewed as tolerant of differing views, creeds, religions, and so on could become virulently antisemitic, then were Jews actually accepted? That is the underlying thought that led to the formalization and creation of political Zionism as we know it (albeit in a very brief and generalized summary). Hell, this person probably doesn't even know what Labor Zionism is and it would probably break their brain. The most progressive societies in the world can say they're safe for Jews to exist in, but they will turn at the drop of a hat.

So when someone like this says that Zionism was made by anti-semites (and they're using the hyphenated incorrect term which is indicative of other issues) I can't help but think that they know next to nothing about the conflict outside of what they've consumed these past months. The likelihood is that this particular person has only engaged with antisemitic content because that misinformation they're spreading is something that only exists in those circles. It's antisemitic conspiracy wrapped in anti-Zionism. It's reminiscent of things the Soviets would say about Israel while actively killing the Jews in their country. They then followed it with this.

Fig. 2. Same user generalizes a whataboutism regarding safety for everyone, then specifically asks why no one prioritizes the Palestinians in these conversations. In this photo they ask why do we assume that the world is going to hate Jews forever? Because it has. Antisemitism is one of the oldest forms of hatred towards another group. Jewish history is marred with repeated incidents of cleansing, torture, imprisonment, exile, and killing. In no century has there ever been a time when Jews just existed peacefully with our own autonomy. And yet someone like this, who has shown their whole ass with their ignorance of what Zionism is and its origin, asks "why aren't we talking about the Palestinians in these conversations?" Because there is not a specific word that describes hatred of Palestinians like there is for Jews. Nor do they have thousands of years of history regarding that hatred. It's a false equivalency and a pitiful whataboutism to try and make conversations about antisemitism into something they're not. However, considering this user writes "anti-semite/semitism", I would not be surprised if they are of the "Palestinians are Semites" mindset (which myself and others have gone over in other posts, and even the server itself addressed months prior). We can talk about Palestinians and the dangers they face. We can talk about the rights and country they should have. We can talk about how other countries in the region keep them in camps and don't let them become full citizens. We can talk about all the issues surrounding them as a people. But not when we're talking about antisemitism, because it's not about them. The fact that this user is trying to make it that way and was not confronted in any capacity about their outright misinformation and manipulation says everything about the Dropout Discord Palestine channel that you need to know.

[writingjourney]

Ibi I always want your papa HCs. I live for them.

Tell me about IKNBS Copia... What was he like as a Cardinal? 👀

Sending love, I hope your anxiety pisses off and you have a wonderful evening. 💕

Sorry this took me so long to get to!!! And thank you for asking about him ♡

If you remember, 'strella mentioned that she and Copia had a significant encounter before he became Papa (during his Cardinal days) and they briefly talked about it a few chapters ago. However, you will actually all soon get to see this encounter and learn more about it, so I cannot spoil anything about that!

I feel like I have to briefly dip into my idea of some of the clergy mechanics so this reply is... long. We know Copia was Papa Nihil's assistent prior to becoming the face of the Ghost project and he was the Secretary of the Treasury. I like to think that Copia returned to the Clergy headquarters as he was appointed Cardinal and worked his way into this position (second most employee of the month awards!!). More under the cut...

Before this time Copia climbed the ranks like most everyone else who strives for a higher position within the clergy where lots of travelling through different chapters/branches is involved to become familiar with the clergy's operations. I personally HC the Papal headquarters to be in Sweden (very loosely though, my personal idea about the abbey is inspired by German architecture of medieval monasteries and so my descriptions are all vaguely Central European). However, while the Papal and administrative headquarters are there (a region well famous for the popularity of metal) I imagine that the educational headquarters are in Italy where the presence of the clergy is also very strong (as a counterweight to the Catholic Church).

The European branches are the oldest ones and are deeply rooted in their respective regions (in my head of course, this is all personal HCs and not rooted in real life sources, I deviate a bit for the sake of creating the Clergy as an actual entity). I like to think that in Europe worshippers of Lucifer established a presence as a counterweight to the dogmatic Catholic Church early on and that these individual organisations and groups later all fell under the roof of our clergy.

Copia therefore grew up in Italy and received most of his education there, especially in Rome where he studied. He also specifically spent a lot of time in Florence as a young bishop as I mentioned in the Postcard chapters. While he climbed ranks he also spent significant time in other European countries as well as the US (where the clergy has also established a pretty big presence somewhat recently, talking about the past century as they brought the Ghost project there while young Nihil was the face of it, plus we can assume Copia was conceived there, in my head Sister goes back to Europe after Nihil fucks up though). The Ministry's branch there is still very involved as it's located conveniently for work in the music industry.

Now, Copia was always very studious, hard-working and resilient, so he climbed the ranks somewhat fast. After Copia became a Cardinal he returned to the HQs as I already mentioned and spent many years working hard in the treasury department. I like to think that he took his clerical duties very seriously as well as the work with the congregation itself, so he was/is quite popular as a spiritual guide/advisor. Despite all this I imagine he was pretty lonely. Even though Sister had always been a somewhat permanent figure in his life he was uprooted many times throughout the years. While he reunited with his brothers that he had spent some time with over the years whenever stationed at the same branch (their relation is never confirmed by Nihil but... you know, they figured it out) and grew closer with them it was still hard for him to fully settle which is one of the reasons he worked so hard.

During the time ‘strella shows up, Terzo was just appointed Papa (if you remember she was hired to paint his portrait). By then Copia had been there for a while, was an established figure there, and while new faces were not a rarity, she immediately stood out to him simply because the nature of their encounter was very memorable. However, she very obviously avoided him after officially joining as a Sister of Sin and even after he became the head of the Ghost project. He was very busy though, so while he worked on music and continued his clerical work, their paths only crossed rarely. Those who have read the story actually know the rest already or will come to know soon. But yes, this is how I imagine his path :)

[noticiasarquelogicasjaponesas]

Japón y su prehistoria, a través de los hallazgos arqueológicos, sean bienvenidos a una nueva entrega, un tanto especial, de noticias arqueológicas japonesas que iremos comentando en los siguientes capítulos y les hablaré de unas noticias que les sorprenderán a todos, por su riqueza arqueológica del país del sol naciente dicho esto empecemos. - En los capítulos anteriores, hablamos sobre un hombre que recibió 800 mordeduras de tiburón, del hallazgo de un espejo de bronce y en el anterior hablamos de un tesoro del siglo xv que fue enterrado durante la guerra civil japonesa. - En esta ocasión, nos volvemos a trasladar a la prehistoria nipona, pero en este caso ¿Cuáles son los orígenes de la población japonesa actual?, hace un tiempo hablamos un poco muy por encima del hombre de Minatogawa, ya era hora de dedicarle unas publicaciones a este homínido. - Los arqueólogos japoneses encontraron unos fragmentos humanos localizados en la isla de Ishigaki, los cuales tienen una antigüedad de 24 000 años, lo que le convierte en el yacimiento más antiguo de Japón y en uno de los mayores de Asia. ¿Conocían este hallazgo? ¿Y el yacimiento?. La cueva pudo tener función de enterramiento, esto lo podemos ver en casos en Europa y otras partes del mundo. - Esta noticia va a estar dividida en unos cuantos sub apartados, ya que hace poco salieron nuevos estudios, además hablaremos de unas cuantas cositas de este yacimiento, así que nos vemos en los próximos capítulos en los cuales aclararemos muchas de estas incógnitas sobre la arqueología e historia japonesa. - Japan and its prehistory, through archaeological finds, welcome to a new installment, somewhat special, of Japanese archaeological news that we will comment on in the following chapters and I will tell you about some news that will surprise everyone, due to its archaeological richness from the country of the rising sun having said that let's begin. - In the previous chapters, we talked about a man who received 800 shark bites, the discovery of a bronze mirror, and in the previous one we talked about a 15th century treasure that was buried during the Japanese civil war. - On this occasion, we return to Japanese prehistory, but in this case, what are the origins of the current Japanese population? Some time ago we spoke a little above Minatogawa man, it was time to dedicate some publications to him to this hominid. - Japanese archaeologists found some human fragments located on the island of Ishigaki, which are 24,000 years old, making it the oldest site in Japan and one of the largest in Asia. Did you know about this find? And the deposit? The cave could have had a burial function, we can see this in cases in Europe and other parts of the world. - This news is going to be divided into a few sub-sections, since recently new studies came out, we will also talk about a few things about this site, so see you in the next chapters in which we will clarify many of these unknowns about archeology and Japanese history. - 日本とその先史時代は、考古学的発見を通じて、次の章でコメントする日本の考古学ニュースの新しい記事へようこそ。その考古学的な豊かさのために、みんなを驚かせるいくつかのニュースについてお話します。さあ、始めようと言った昇る太陽の国。 - 前の章では、800匹のサメに刺された男性、銅鏡の発見について話しました。前の章では、日本の内戦中に埋葬された15世紀の宝物について話しました。 - この機会に、日本の先史時代に戻りますが、この場合、現在の日本人の起源は何ですか？少し前に、港川人の少し上で話をしましたが、この類人猿にいくつかの出版物を捧げる時が来ました。 - 日本の考古学者は、石垣島にある24,000年前の人間の断片を発見しました。これは、日本で最も古い場所であり、アジアで最大の場所の1つです。この発見について知っていましたか？そして預金？洞窟は埋葬機能を持っていた可能性があります。これはヨーロッパや世界の他の地域の事例で見ることができます。 - このニュースはいくつかのサブセクションに分けられます。最近新しい研究が発表されたので、このサイトについてもいくつか話します。次の章で、これらの未知数の多くを明らかにします。考古学と日本の歴史。

[lawfullycaffeinated]

So I haven't done any official studying lately. However, I have been doing some research about the Romani people, because apparently one of my great-grandfathers (not sure how removed he is from me) was actually Hungarian and was forgotten as a baby in MX by his family and taken in by my ancestors.

My mom's oldest sister shared the story with me, but both my mom and aunt have a slightly different version of the story. I wonder who, if anyone, knows the real story as it happened so they could share it with me.

According to my aunt's telling-

There were always these caravans of Hungarian gypsies that would travel to MX and set up tents and booths in a circus/carnival-type thing where they would do fortune-telling through different forms of divination (palmistry, crystal balls, tarot). During a cold winter, Little Baby was forgotten and found by Ancestor who tried to take him to the police. The police, however, were basically like "Just take him home and we'll let u know," and no one ever claimed Little Baby. Little Baby was then raised by Ancestor as his.

However, my mom says he was forgotten as a little boy, not a baby and she isn't sure it happened during winter. She also thinks it was to flee the persecution of all the Romani people in Europe and seek momentary refuge. But, I don't think the reason they arrived in MX matters too much because if it was to flee, they still had to do something to make some kind of money to afford to stay alive in the new location they arrived- hence, their divination practices. Additionally, they lived a nomadic lifestyle, so their arrival to MX would've happened regardless, at a certain point in time.

While their telling of events differs, one thing that is certain is that we have some kind of European/Middle Eastern ancestry.

As I did research on Hungarian gypsies, I found that one, they're not gypsies, but rather Romani people. The Romani people in Hungary are Hungarians of Romani descent, and the Romani people originate from Northern India. There's linguistic evidence that shows the Romani share basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjab; Phonetic features with Marwari; Their grammar is closest to Bengal.

Genetic findings say that the Romani originated in northwestern India and then migrated as a group. So my ancestor's journey had to look something like this:

Northwestern India → Middle East → Romania → Hungary

However, there's something that confuses me about my research because in my readings there was something that said the Romani people were often called "Egyptians" and/or "the Pharaoh's People," but as I try to find more information on "the Pharaoh's People," nothing shows up. So, were the Romani just falsely identified as Egyptians in the same way that people from countries like Guatemala and Cuba are called Mexicans? Or is there a real tie/connection between the Romani and Egypt? If so, are all people under a Pharaoh's rule referred to as the Pharaoh's People, or is this label saved for their "employees?"

One thing is for sure- my people have never known peace.

How sad is it, that my whole ancestry line has known nothing but discrimination and genocide. From the Spanish conquistadores who took over Mexico. The English colonizers who took Mexican land from its people. The Nazis persecuting my Romani ancestors alongside the Jewish in the Holocaust. To present day discrimination in Hungary that the Hungarian-Romani people are still facing and the discrimination Mexican people face in the US.

[a-dinosaur-a-day]

Fossil Novembirb 15: Oasis in the Desert

Xenerodiops by @iguanodont

We FINALLY get to an ecosystem that isn't in Europe, North America, Antarctica, or Oceania - it's Jebel Qatrani Time!

(If you are as appalled as I am at the low sampling rates of fossil localities in Asia, South America, and Africa, welcome to the club, and support paleontologists who are from and work in countries from those continents!!!)

The Jebel Qatrani Formation is an ecosystem from Egypt at the end of the Eocene through the early Oligocene. It showcases the tropical forests, swamps, and marshes that existed at this time, emptying into the Tethys Sea. A wet and humid environment, it would have been a weird mixed ecosystem, with both the old and the new coexisting on the riverbanks. And, like in the forests and plains of Oligocene Europe, we see many modern bird groups show up for the first time here - and also very similar to their living relatives! This is a departure from the mammals in the region, which were unique and weird for the time period (though early members of modern groups are found here, too).

Palaeoephippiorhynchus by Bubblesorg

Being a wetland and humid environment, the main feature of the avifauna here are aquatic birds - many of which have close relatives today. Palaeoephippiorhynchus is the oldest known fossil stork, and was remarkably similar to the living Saddle-Billed Stork - even having the same upcurved bill. While it's uncertain if they're close relatives or not, it is possible that living Saddle-Bills are similar to this ancient form. There was also a mid-sized heron, a bird extremely similar to living Black-Crowned Night Herons, and Xenerodiops - a heron with a pointed and strong bill, curved downward - good for grabbing onto prey. It was a very sturdy, robust bird - even for a heron.

In addition, there was Goliathia - the fossil Shoebill! This bird had legs much like the living shoebill, and was similar enough in the limbs that it might be in the same genus! It probably lived very similarly to living shoebills, feeding on fish in the wetlands around it. What its beak would have looked like is uncertain - the closest living relative to the Shoebill is the Hammerkop, which has a very different skull. What their ancestral skull was, or what Goliathia's was, remains a mystery.

Goliathia by Antonio Rares Mihaila

But if you think I'm done with the water birds, you're very wrong - this is just the beginning! There was also an indeterminant cormorant, which had a very hooked and tapered beak; birds similar to living crowned cranes and others like living flufftails; early jacanas like Janipes which was bigger than all living jacanas but still had the large feet for floating on vegetation, showcasing the vegetation in these wetlands was sturdy enough to hold it up; other early jacanas smaller in size as well like Nupharanassa; and of course -

The Flamingos! Well, yes and no. There was an indeterminate crown-flamingo (ie in the group that all living flamingos are in), a bit bigger than a living lesser flamingo. But there was also Palaelodus - one of the "Grebe-Flamingos" or "Swimming-Flamingos", a long-lasting group of birds that first appear in the early Oligocene and lasted until possibly the Pleistocene! They looked superficially similar to living flamingos and were more closely related to them than to grebes, but they did have some similar characteristics to grebes as well - specifically having less of a kink in the neck, shorter lower legs, and flatter limb bones like those in grebes. They also had webbed feet, which would have allowed for diving or swimming. It also had a straight, conical bill, very unlike the bill of living flamingos.

Palaelodus by @alphynix

There were also perching birds, such as an early turaco very similar to the living genus Crinifer; and early eagles, ospreys, and other birds of prey that haven't really been named - mainly because they are very similar to living species, but so distant in time it seems unlikely they'd be in the same genus still... right? One, very similar to the living sea eagle, was found near the shore - indicating a similar ecology to its living relative. Another was almost identical to the living osprey, just smaller in size. And another was similar in size to living ospreys, but more robust than them. This place was filled with raptors!

Of course, I can't ignore the metaphorical elephant in the room. One of the most mysterious birds of the Jebel Qatrani is Eremopezus, a bird that has similarities to so many different groups of birds that its exact position is still a mystery. At this time it is thought to be a Palaeognath, possibly closely related to ostriches or maybe elephant birds - as the volant Lithornithids start to disappear, ratite-like Palaeognaths become more and more common. It was flightless, and probably lived similarly to modern ostriches and other ratites - as a a large herbivore, probably taking advantage of the wetland landscape and the abundance of food.

Eremopezus by @thewoodparable

Jebel Qatrani is such an important formation because it sheds light on the evolution of even more bird groups than those we see in former Laurasia (North America + Eurasia). And it is possible that many lineages we still have in Africa today have been around for thirty million years - and may have been very similar in ecology and appearance during that whole time. Given living birds react to changing climates by shifting with the ecosystems, it's possible that these lines of birds similarly followed the migration of wetlands and other habitats during the climate change to come, persisting to this day across the continent.

Sources:

Kampouridis, P., J. Hartung, F. J. Augustin. 2023. The Eocene-Oligocene Vertebrate Assemblages of the Fayum Depression, Egypt. The Phanerozoic Geology and Natural Resources of Egypt. Advances in Science, Technology, & Innovation. 373-405.

Mayr, 2022. Paleogene Fossil Birds, 2nd Edition. Springer Cham.

Mayr, 2017. Avian Evolution: The Fossil Record of Birds and its Paleobiological Significance (TOPA Topics in Paleobiology). Wiley Blackwell.

Rasmussen, D. T., S. L. Olson, E. L. Simons. 1987. Fossil birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani formation Fayum Province, Egypt. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 62(62): 1-20.

[mask131]

If you want to have a folk-authentic vampire... (1)

Here are various tips, elements and trivia taken from the many legends, folktales and "real-life cases" of vampires of Europe, before vampires became reinvented as a literary and then cinematic myth. (Note: I am mixing here the centuries and the countries, so don't be surprised to see contradicting info, it's just a melting-pot of vampire traits that art did not pick up from folklore or historical events)

Vampires were not particularly sexual or seductive. The idea of the lascivious, sexy vampire really comes from literature, and from a mix of the "death personified as a handsome youth" trope with the legends of succubus and incubus. But vampires were not really sex symbols. Yes they were associate with succubus and incubus as demonic night-spirits who plagued people and stole their life-force... But vampires were considered to have more in common with demons possessing corpses or werewolves. (More on that later).

Vampires typically first returned to their loved ones (friends and close family) to kill them, before moving on to other strangers.

One of the oldest signs that someone was a vampire was that their corpse kept being found in the morning outside of their grave, as they got out of the tomb and wandered about until they dropped by daylight.

Another sign to know a dead person is a vampire is that they were found in their grave covered in blood. Blood covering their mouth, their fingers, leaking of their nose, some corpses literaly bathing in a pool of blood... (Historically speaking, it was due to how the vampire myth was born during time of great plagues with some people being buried alive and dying inside the coffin ; legend-wise, it became tied to how vampires filled themselves with the blood of the living).

Speaking of plagues: "Nosferatu" was right when depicting a vampire as causing a plague outbreak. Vampire presence and activity was typically thought to cause all sorts of disasters and misfortunes - accidents, diseases, natural disasters and other unexplained deaths were all due to a vampire's curse plaguing a community.

While today we have this idea of the aristocratic vampire, historically speaking most people accused of being vampires were actually low or middle class people. Farmers, peasants, merchants, craftsmen... Aristocratic vampires were quite rare.

Originally, using a wooden stake wasn't always necessary. Swords, blades and even shovels could be used to pierce the vampire's chest and/or heart ; and/or decapitate them (in Dalmatia and Albania a dagger blessed by a priest was to be used). If a wooden stake was used, it could be either aspen wood or hawhthorn wood, both linked to the Christ (aspen was said to be the wood of the Cross, hawhthorn the one of the thorn crown). Often, just staking the vampire wasn't enough and additional precautions had to be taken - for example in Romania, the "great reparation" (that's how you call a vampire destruction) had to take place at the first light of dawn, and the stake had to pierce the heart in one hit, else the vampire could resurrect. After the piercing, if the vampire doesn't immediately crumble to dust, the corpse had to be decapitated, and burned, with the ashes either scattered to the winds or buried under a crossroad.

Vampires were associated with the myth of the "masticating dead" or "chewing corpses". There was a tenacious belief that corpses started automatically chewing or moving their jaw after their death. It was believed to be a natural reaction - but if the dead ended up actually chewing/swallowing specific items (notably their shroud), they became vampires, and started chewing their way out of their grave by literally eating the dirt. Vampires were also reported to bite and chew their own flesh to satiate their unnatural hunger (it was one of the signs that a corpse was a vampire - if they had bite marks or were devoured in some place). The habit of putting bricks and rocks in their mouth was partially to prevent them from chewing their own shroud.

There was a huge debate originally as to whether vampires (and other undeads in general) were unresting souls that returned from Purgatory or couldn't access the afterlife due to not being properly buried or there being something missing to be put at rest (Catholic explanation), or demons that took possession of corpses or took the "face" of the dead to appear to their loved ones (Protestant explanation).

The Greek vampires, the vrykolakas/brucolacs, started as harmless and pitiful undeads - just souls unable to go to rest, spirits trapped in their own corpses, and that wandered sorrowfully every night until they could finally move on (usually it was because they were excommunicated, or dead by suicide ; a Church blessing was enough to make them move on). 16th century onward, they became more malevolent as they were associated with demonic undeads and werewolves.

Oh yes I forgot: werewolves and vampires were frequently confused and united in European folklore, to the point they were often thought to be one and the same. They share a lot of folkloric elements, the same word was often use to designate both entities (vukodlak, vrykolaka, virkolakis), and it was a common belief that when a werewolf died, he returned to life as a vampire (or, in reverse, that vampires could turn into monstrous wolves).

Due to "open eyes" on a corpse being seen as a sign of vampirism, vampires were often described with wide-open, bulging, never-blinking eyes. Closing eyelids with a coin was one way to prevent corpses from becoming vampires (just like the rock in the mouth) - other rituals include for example filling mouth with garlic before wiring it shut (the garlic trick is Romanian, a Saxony variation has putting a lemon in the mouth to prevent the soul from returning in the body). Or, in Slovakia, sending old ladies in cemeteries stab graves with five old knives or hawthorn branches (four for the limbs, one for the chest). In Romania, techniques to prevent a corpse transformation involved putting a nail through the forehead, pricking many times the corpse with needles, or covering it with the fat of a pig killed on Saint Ignace's Day.

The list of the reasons why one could be doomed to turn into a vampire was endless. I said above that dying excommunicated or by suicide led to vampirism ; being a werewolf also led to becoming a vampire after death. Witches and warlocks were thought to return as vampires after their death. Were also more likely to turn: the seventh sons of seventh sons, babies born with hair/teeth/a caul, people who had red hair, blue eyes, red spots over the body or very dark eyes, and those that simply did not receive a proper burial (not receiving any honor or prayers from their family ; not being buried in holy ground ; not being buried at all). Stillborn infants were also thought to be vampire candidates, and all those that died a violent and early death.

Sometimes, vampires ended people's bedroom and just tried to strangle them to kill them, not drinking their blood. It was because vampires were also confused and associated with the European "nightmare archetype": in olden times, nightmares/sleep paralysis/sleeping troubles were thought to be caused by malevolent spirits, evil imps or night-hags who came into people's bedrooms to sit on them/strangle them/crush them/smother them while they slept. Vampires were sometimes treated as doing the same.

Vampires also didn't just attack humans: they caused the death of village cattle.

The "vampires have no reflection" was both exaggerated and diminished in fiction. It was originally a Germanic-specific tradition, not found in non-Germanic areas of Europe, and it included vampires having no reflection as well as no shadow to show they had no soul.

Vampires were not renowned for their huge teeth, pointy fangs or bite-marks. In fact, for quite a long time vampires were thought to kill their victims without teeth. Either they sucked the blood directly through the skin without piercing it, leaving their victim with hickeys-like marks ; either they absorbed their life-force from afar, by their mere presence, sometimes directly from their grave.

Vampires didn't just turn into bats (or wolves in the case of werewolf confusion). They also could turn into spiders or butterflies. Vampires also simply didn't just turn into "mist" or fog as Dracula popularized - they could also turn into more unusual inanimate items like straw.

Vampires were very hairy. Lot of body hair, bushy eyebrows or a thick monobrow, hair inside the palm of their hands... Romanian vampires even were said to have a short furry tail, like an animal, which grew bigger with the heat and in which their magical power was stored.

A vampire grave often had holes on the ground near it, because these tiny holes were created when the vampire escaped under the shape of mist.

Dhampirs/vampiritch/vamirovitch, people born of the union of a male vampire and female human, were said to be able to sense and recognize vampires, and even had the power to banish them or destroy them, hence why they were often called to get rid of vampires alongside holy men.

A good way to find a vampire's grave in a cemetery was to have a virgin teenager ride an also virgin horse, either entirely black or entirely white - the horse would react to the grave of the undead.

Vampires had an obsession with counting items. In Russia, putting poppy seeds in graves was a way to prevent the vampire from "rising up", as each night they had to count the seeds before doing anything. A Russian tradition also had roads leading to cemeteries being covered in poppy seeds or briar thorns, as the vampire would be compelled to pick them up one by one.