#V. S. Ramachandra

[identifying-books-in-media]

In episode 2 (or 4, depending on the way you are counting them) of The Secret Life of My Secretary, actress Jin Ki Joo visits a manga cafè in Seoul and is seen reading 2 mangas.

I wasn't able to identify the first one (the title should starts with 스타스키 but Google just gives me Starsky and Hutch content in Korean), but the second is quite easy: Your Lie in April by Naoshi Arakawa, volume 11 (the last one), Korean version.

In that same episode, actress Kim Ji Min is seen reading The Tell-Tale Brain, which presumably is the 2010 nonfiction book by V. S. Ramachandra, but I wasn't able to find the correct edition. Perhaps it's a Korea-only edition?

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 21, 2023

The geometry of representational drift in natural and artificial neural networks. Aitken, K., Garrett, M., Olsen, S., & Mihalas, S. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010716.

A Common Neural Account for Social and Nonsocial Decisions. Arabadzhiyska, D. H., Garrod, O. G. B., Fouragnan, E., De Luca, E., Schyns, P. G., & Philiastides, M. G. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(48), 9030–9044.

Statistical perspective on functional and causal neural connectomics: The Time-Aware PC algorithm. Biswas, R., & Shlizerman, E. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010653.

Weakly Correlated Local Cortical State Switches under Anesthesia Lead to Strongly Correlated Global States. Blackwood, E. B., Shortal, B. P., & Proekt, A. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(48), 8980–8996.

Dendrocentric learning for synthetic intelligence. Boahen, K. (2022). Nature, 612(7938), 43–50.

Nonequilibrium dynamics of adaptation in sensory systems. Conti, D., & Mora, T. (2022). Physical Review E, 106(5), 054404.

Brain connectivity meets reservoir computing. Damicelli, F., Hilgetag, C. C., & Goulas, A. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010639.

Adaptive multi-objective control explains how humans make lateral maneuvers while walking. Desmet, D. M., Cusumano, J. P., & Dingwell, J. B. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010035.

Deaf individuals use compensatory strategies to estimate visual time events. Domenici, N., Tonelli, A., & Gori, M. (2023). Brain Research, 1798, 148148.

Binary and analog variation of synapses between cortical pyramidal neurons. Dorkenwald, S., Turner, N. L., Macrina, T., Lee, K., Lu, R., Wu, J., … Seung, H. S. (2022). eLife, 11, e76120.

Sleep prevents catastrophic forgetting in spiking neural networks by forming a joint synaptic weight representation. Golden, R., Delanois, J. E., Sanda, P., & Bazhenov, M. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010628.

Coordinated multiplexing of information about separate objects in visual cortex. Jun, N. Y., Ruff, D. A., Kramer, L. E., Bowes, B., Tokdar, S. T., Cohen, M. R., & Groh, J. M. (2022). eLife, 11, e76452.

Synaptic reshaping of plastic neuronal networks by periodic multichannel stimulation with single-pulse and burst stimuli. Kromer, J. A., & Tass, P. A. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010568.

Perceptual confidence of visual stimulus features is associated with duration perception. Liu, B.-H., Mao, L.-H., & Zhou, B. (2022). Perception, 51(12), 859–870.

Object Boundary Detection in Natural Images May Depend on “Incitatory” Cell–Cell Interactions. Mel, G. C., Ramachandra, C. A., & Mel, B. W. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(48), 8960–8979.

Temporal Dynamics of Competition between Statistical Learning and Episodic Memory in Intracranial Recordings of Human Visual Cortex. Sherman, B. E., Graves, K. N., Huberdeau, D. M., Quraishi, I. H., Damisah, E. C., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(48), 9053–9068.

Training diversity promotes absolute-value-guided choice. Solomyak, L., Sharp, P. B., & Eldar, E. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010664.

Predictive steering: integration of artificial motor signals in self-motion estimation. van Helvert, M. J. L., Selen, L. P. J., van Beers, R. J., & Medendorp, W. P. (2022). Journal of Neurophysiology, 128(6), 1395–1408.

Look twice: A generalist computational model predicts return fixations across tasks and species. Zhang, M., Armendariz, M., Xiao, W., Rose, O., Bendtz, K., Livingstone, M., … Kreiman, G. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010654.

A neurocomputational theory of action regulation predicts motor behavior in neurotypical individuals and patients with Parkinson’s disease. Zhong, S., Choi, J. W., Hashoush, N. G., Babayan, D., Malekmohammadi, M., Pouratian, N., & Christopoulos, V. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010111.

[sri2024]

Which cooking oil is best for your health? Learn from Dr. V. S. Ramachandra, Chief Interventional Cardiologist & Electrophysiologist at Sri Sri Holistic Hospitals, as he shares valuable insights -

https://bit.ly/4b7mSpO

[seemabhatnagar]

Employee’s Appeal Dismissed: Compulsory Retirement Upheld

Karnataka Food and Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd. & 2 others v. Smt. Veena M.

Writ Appeal 1534/2016

Before High Court of Karnataka

Heard by the Bench of Hon'ble Mr. Justice Krishna S Dixit J & Hon'ble Mr. Justice Ramachandra D Huddar J

The present matter is an Appeal before the Division Bench of the High Court of Karnataka arising from the order passed by the Single Judge of the same Court. The Single Judge allowed the Writ Petition of employee Smt. Veena and set aside the punishment of compulsory retirement as passed by the Karnataka Food and Civil Supplies Department and directed the Department to reinstate her in service (though without back wages & consequential benefits). The Department's argument was within the employer's domain to decide about the employee and his place of posting.

Facts:

Health Claims: The employee was transferred to a new work location but she did not report, citing health issues (allergy problems) and a long daily commute of about 3 kilometers.

Employer’s Stance: The employer required the employee to report to the new location and argued that her absence constituted misconduct. The medical report did not support the employee's health claims.

Political Influence: The employee sought political to influence her transfer, which the employer argued was inappropriate and further disqualified her from discretionary relief.

Legal Considerations:

Transfer Orders: The court reiterated that transfer orders are within the employer's domain and must be followed by employees. Grievances related to transfers should be addressed after reporting to the new location.

Unauthorized Absence: Continued absence from duty, despite rejection of leave applications, is treated as misconduct under service rules.

Disciplinary Proceedings: Findings of guilt in disciplinary proceedings are given presumptive sanctity and are not easily overturned by the courts. The appellate court found no fault in the original disciplinary decision or the subsequent Departmental Appeal.

The court concluded that the employee's conduct, including the misuse of political influence and unsupported health claims, justified the compulsory retirement. The appeal was dismissed, and the original punishment was upheld.

[garadinervi]

C. V. Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman), November 7, 1888 / 2018

(images: C. V. Raman: A pictorial biography, Compiled by S. Ramaseshan and C. Ramachandra Rao, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 1988, pp.151-154)

[somerabbitholes]

Essays

Here’s a (non-exhaustive) list of essays I like/find interesting/are food for thought; I’ve tried to sort them as much as possible. The starred (*) ones are those I especially love

also quick note: some of these links, especially the ones that are from books/anthologies redirect you to libgen or scihub, and if that doesn’t work for you, do message me; I’d be happy to send them across!

Literature + Writing

Godot Comes to Sarajevo - Susan Sontag

The Strangeness of Grief - V. S. Naipaul*

Memories of V. S. Naipaul - Paul Theroux*

A Rainy Day with Ruskin Bond - Mayank Austen Soofi

How Albert Camus Faced History - Adam Gopnik

Listen, Bro - Jo Livingstone

Rachel Cusk Gut-Renovates the Novel - Judith Thurman

Lost in Translation: What the First Line of “The Stranger” Should Be - Ryan Bloom

The Duke in His Domain - Truman Capote*

The Cult of Donna Tartt: Themes and Strategies in The Secret History - Ana Rita Catalão Guedes

Never Do That to a Book - Anne Fadiman*

Affecting Anger: Ideologies of Community Mobilisation in Early Hindi Novel - Rohan Chauhan*

Why I Write - George Orwell*

Rimbaud and Patti Smith: Style as Social Deviance - Carrie Jaurès Noland*

Art + Photography (+ Aesthetics)

Looking at War - Susan Sontag*

Love, sex, art, and death - Nan Goldin, David Wojnarowicz

Lyons, Szarkowski, and the Perception of Photography - Anne Wilkes Tucker

The Feminist Critique of Art History - Thalia Gouma-Peterson, Patricia Mathews

In Plato's Cave - Susan Sontag*

On reproduction of art (Chapter 1, Ways of Seeing) - John Berger*

On nudity and women in art (Chapter 3, Ways of Seeing) - John Berger*

Kalighat Paintings  - Sharmishtha Chaudhuri

Daydreams and Fragments: On How We Retrieve Images From the Past -  Maël Renouard

Arthur Rimbaud: the Aesthetics of Intoxication - Enid Rhodes Peschel

Cities

Tragic Fable of Mumbai Mills - Gyan Prakash

Whose Bandra is it? - Dustin Silgardo*

Timur's Registan: noblest public square in the world? - Srinath Perur

The first Starbucks coffee shop, Seattle - Colin Marshall*

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai's iconic railway station - Srinath Perur

From London to Mumbai and Back Again: Gentrification and Public Policy in Comparative Perspective -  Andrew Harris

The Limits of "White Town" in Colonial Calcutta - Swati Chattopadhyay

The Metropolis and Mental Life - Georg Simmel

Colonial Policy and the Culture of Immigration: Citing the Social History of Varanasi - Vinod Kumar, Shiv Narayan

A Caribbean Creole Capital: Kingston, Jamaica - Coln G. Clarke (from Colonial Cities by Robert Ross, Gerard J. Telkamp

The Colonial City and the Post-Colonial World - G. A. de Bruijne

The Nowhere City - Amos Elon*

The Vertical Flâneur: Narratorial Tradecraft in the Colonial Metropolis - Paul K. Saint-Amour

Philosophy

The trolley problem problem - James Wilson

A Brief History of Death - Nir Baram

Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical - John Rawls*

Should Marxists be Interested in Exploitation? - John E. Roemer

The Discomfort You’re Feeling is Grief - Scott Berinato*

The Pandemic and the Crisis of Faith - Makarand Paranjape

If God Is Dead, Your Time is Everything - James Wood

Giving Up on God - Ronald Inglehart

The Limits of Consensual Decision - Douglas Rae*

The Science of "Muddling Through" - Charles Lindblom*

History

The Gruesome History of Eating Corpses as Medicine - Maria Dolan

The History of Loneliness - Jill Lepore*

From Tuskegee to Togo: the Problem of Freedom in the Empire of Cotton - Sven Beckert*

Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism - E. P. Thompson*

All By Myself - Martha Bailey*

The Geographical Pivot of History - H. J. Mackinder

The sea/ocean

Rim of Life - Manu Pillai

Exploring the Indian Ocean as a rich archive of history – above and below the water line - Isabel Hofmeyr, Charne Lavery

‘Piracy’, connectivity and seaborne power in the Middle Ages - Nikolas Jaspert (from The Sea in History)*

The Vikings and their age - Nils Blomkvist (from The Sea in History)*

Mercantile Networks, Port Cities, and “Pirate” States - Roxani Eleni Margariti

Phantom Peril in the Arctic - Robert David English, Morgan Grant Gardner*

Assorted ones on India

A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990-2001 - Alexander Evans *

Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World - Gyan Prakash

Empire: How Colonial India Made Modern Britain - Aditya Mukherjee

Feminism and Nationalism in India, 1917-1947 - Aparna Basu

The Epic Riddle of Dating Ramayana, Mahabharata - Sunaina Kumar*

Caste and Politics: Identity Over System - Dipankar Gupta

Our worldview is Delhi based*

Sports (you’ll have to excuse the fact that it’s only cricket but what can i say, i’m indian)

'Massa Day Done:' Cricket as a Catalyst for West Indian Independence: 1950-1962 - John Newman*

Playing for power? rugby, Afrikaner nationalism and masculinity in South Africa, c.1900–70 - Albert Grundlingh

When Cricket Was a Symbol, Not Just a Sport - Baz Dreisinger

Cricket, caste, community, colonialism: the politics of a great game - Ramachandra Guha*

Cricket and Politics in Colonial India - Ramchandra Guha

MS Dhoni: A quiet radical who did it his way*

Music

Brega: Music and Conflict in Urban Brazil - Samuel M. Araújo

Color, Music and Conflict: A Study of Aggression in Trinidad with Reference to the Role of Traditional Music - J. D. Elder

The 1975 - ‘Notes On a Conditional Form’ review - Dan Stubbs*

Life Without Live - Rob Sheffield*

How Britney Spears Changed Pop - Rob Sheffield

Concert for Bangladesh

From “Help!” to “Helping out a Friend”: Imagining South Asia through the Beatles and the Concert for Bangladesh - Samantha Christiansen 

Gender

Clothing Behaviour as Non-verbal Resistance - Diana Crane

The Normalisation of Queer Theory - David M. Halperin

Menstruation and the Holocaust - Jo-Ann Owusu*

Women’s Suffrage the Democratic Peace - Allan Dafoe

Pink and Blue: Coloring Inside the Lines of Gender - Catherine Zuckerman*

Women’s health concerns are dismissed more, studied less - Zoanne Clack

Food

How Food-Obsessed Millennials Shape the Future of Food - Rachel A. Becker (as a non-food obsessed somewhat-millennial, this was interesting)

Colonialism's effect on how and what we eat - Coral Lee

Tracing Europe's influence on India's culinary heritage - Ruth Dsouza Prabhu

Chicken Kiev: the world’s most contested ready-meal*

From Russia with mayo: the story of a Soviet super-salad*

The Politics of Pancakes - Taylor Aucoin*

How Doughnuts Fuelled the American Dream*

Pav from the Nau

A Short History of the Vada Pav - Saira Menezes

Fantasy (mostly just harry potter and lord of the rings)

Purebloods and Mudbloods: Race, Species, and Power (from The Politics of Harry Potter)

Azkaban: Discipline, Punishment, and Human Rights (from The Politics of Harry Potter)*

Good and Evil in J. R. R. Tolkien's Lengendarium - Jyrki Korpua

The Fairy Story: J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis - Colin Duriez (from Tree of Tales)*

Tolkien’s Augustinian Understanding of Good and Evil: Why The Lord of the Rings Is Not Manichean - Ralph Wood (from Tree of Tales)*

Travel

The Hidden Cost of Wildlife Tourism

Chronicles of a Writer’s 1950s Road Trip Across France - Kathleen Phelan

On the Early Women Pioneers of Trail Hiking - Gwenyth Loose

On the Mythologies of the Himalaya Mountains - Ed Douglas*

More random assorted ones

The cosmos from the wheelchair (The Economist obituaries)*

In El Salvador - Joan Didion

Scientists are unravelling the mystery of pain - Yudhijit Banerjee

Notes on Nationalism - George Orwell

Politics and the English Language - George Orwell*

What Do the Humanities Do in a Crisis? - Agnes Callard*

The Politics of Joker - Kyle Smith

Sushant Singh Rajput: The outsider - Uday Bhatia*

Credibility and Mystery - John Berger

happy reading :)

[luxe-pauvre]

I'd also like to say a word about speculation, a term that has acquired a pejorative connotation among some scientists. Describing someone's idea as "mere speculation" is often considered insulting. This is unfortunate. As the English biologist Peter Medawar has noted, "An imaginative conception of what might be true is the starting point of all great discoveries in science." Ironically, this is sometimes true even when the speculation turns out to be wrong. Listen to Charles Darwin: "False facts are highly injurious to the progress of science for they often endure long, but false hypotheses do little harm, as everyone takes a salutary pleasure in proving their falseness; and when this is done, one path toward error is closed and the road to truth is often at the same time opened." Every scientist knows that the best research emerges from a dialectic between speculation and healthy skepticism. Ideally the two should co-exist in the same brain, but they don't have to. Since there are people who represent both extremes, all ideas eventually get tested ruthlessly. Many are rejected (like cold fusion) and others promise to turn our views topsy turvy (like the view that ulcers are caused by bacteria).

V. S. Ramachandra & Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain

[namakkaga-blog]

http://www.namakkaga.com/andhra-pradesh/list-of-andhra-pradesh-mlas/

List of Andhra Pradesh MLAs

Andhra Pradesh MLAs List on [date]

Andhra Pradesh MLAs – Find the complete details about List of MLAs of Andhra Pradesh on Namakkaga.com. List of AP MLAs, Ministers, Chief Ministers, Governors, Lok Sabha MPs, Rajya Sabha MPs and Districts. Last Update: [month]

S.No. Constituency Candidate Name Party 1 Ichchapuram Ashok Bendalam TDP Ashok Bendalam 2 Palasa Gouthu Syam Sunder Sivaji YSRC Appalaraju Seediri 3 Tekkali Atchannaidu Kinjarapu TDP Atchannaidu Kinjarapu 4 Pathapatnam Ramana Murthy YSRC Reddy Shanthi 5 Srikakulam Gunda Lakshmi Devi YSRC Dharmana Prasada Rao 6 Amadalavalasa Koona Ravikumar YSRC Thammineni Seetharam 7 Etcherla Kalavenkatarao Kimidi YSRC Gorle. Kiran Kumar 8 Narasannapeta Ramanamurthy Baggu YSRC Dharmana Krishna Das 9 Rajam (SC) Kambala Jogulu YSRC Kambala Jogulu 10 Palakonda (ST) Viswasarayi Kalavathi YSRC Viswasarayi Kalavathi 11 Kurupam (ST) Pamula Pushpa Sreevani YSRC Pushpasreevani . Pamula 12 Parvathipuram (SC) Bobbili Chiranjeevulu YSRC Alajangi Jogarao 13 Salur (ST) Raj Anna Dora Peedika YSRC Peedika. Rajanna Dora 14 Bobbili Venkata Sujay Krishna Rangarao Ravu. YSRC Sambangi Venkatachina Appala Naidu 15 Cheepurupalli Kimidi Mrunalini YSRC Botcha Satyanarayana 16 Gajapathinagaram Appalanaidu Kondapalli YSRC Appalanarasayya Botcha 17 Nellimarla Narayana Swamy Naidu Pathivada YSRC Appala Naidu Baddukonda 18 Vizianagaram Geetha YSRC Veera Bhadra Swamy Kolagatla 19 Srungavarapukota Kolia Lalitha Kumari YSRC Kadubandi Srinivasa Rao 20 Bhimili Ganta Srinivasa Rao YSRC Muttamsetti Srinivasarao 21 Visakhapatnam East Ramakrishna Babu Velaaapudi TDP Ganta Srinivasa Rao 22 Visakhapatnam South Vasupalli Ganesh Kumar TDP Ganesh Kumar Vasupalli 23 Visakhapatnam North Penmetsa Vishnu Kumar Raju TDP Gana Venkata Reddy Naidu Pethakamsetti 24 Visakhapatnam West P G V R Naidu (Gana Babu) TDP Gana Venkata Reddy Naidu Pethakamsetti 25 Gajuwaka Palla Srinivasa Rao YSRC Nagireddy Tippala 26 Chodavaram Sanyasi Raju YSRC Karanam Dharmasri 27 Madugula Budi Mutyala Naidu YSRC Budi Mutyala Naidu 28 Araku Valley (ST) Kidari Sarveswara Rao YSRC Chetti. Palguna 29 Paderu (ST) Giddi Eswari YSRC Bhagya Lakshmi Kottagulli 30 Anakapalle Peela Govinda Satyanarayana YSRC A V S S Amarnath Gudivada 31 Pendurthi Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy YSRC Annamreddy Adeep Raj 32 Yelamanchili Panchakarla Rameshbabu YSRC Uppalapati Venkata Ramanamurthy Raju 33 Payakaraopet (SC) Anitha Vangalapudi YSRC Golla Baburao 34 Narsipatnam Ayyannapatrudu Chinthakayala YSRC Uma Sankara Ganesh Petla 35 Tuni Dadisetti Ramalingeswara Rao (D Raja) YSRC Dadisetti Raja 36 Prathipadu Varupula Subbarao YSRC Sri Purnachandra Prasad Parvatha 37 Pithapuram S V S N Varma YSRC Dorababu Pendem 38 Kakinada Rural Ananthalakshmi Pilli YSRC Kurasala Kannababu 39 Peddapuram Nimmakayala Chinarajappa TDP Nimmakayala China Rajappa 40 Anaparthy Nallamilli Rama Krishna Reddy YSRC Doctor. Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy 41 Kakinada City Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao YSRC Dwarampudi Chandra Sekhara Reddy 42 Ramachandrapuram Thota Trimurthulu YSRC Chelluboyina Srinivasa Venugopalakrishna 43 Mummidivaram Datla Subba Raju YSRC Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar 44 Amalapuram (SC) Aithabathula Anandarao YSRC Viswarupu Pinipe 45 Razole (SC) Gollapalli Surya Rao JP Rapaka Vara Prasada Rao 46 Gannavaram (SC) Pulaparty Narayana Murty TDP Vamsi Vallabhaneni 47 Kothapeta Chirla Jaggireddy YSRC Chirla Jaggireddy 48 Mandapeta Jogeswara Rao V TDP Jogeswara Rao. V 49 Rajanagaram Pendurthi Venkatesh YSRC Jakkampudi Raja 50 Rajahmundry City Akula Satyanarayana TDP Adireddy Bhavani 51 Rajahmundry Rural Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary TDP Gorantla Butchaiah Choudary 52 Jaggampeta Jyothula Nehru YSRC Jyothula Naga Veera Venkata Vishnu Satya Marthanda Rao 53 Rampachodavaram (ST) Vantala Rajeswari YSRC Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi 54 Kovvur (SC) K S Jawahar YSRC Taneti Vanita 55 Nidadavole Burugupalli Sesha Rao YSRC G. Srinivas Naidu 56 Achanta Satyanarayana Pithani YSRC Cherukuvada Sriranganadha Raju 57 Palacole Dr. Nimmala Ramanaidu TDP Dr. Nimmala Ramanaidu 58 Narasapuram Bandaru Madhava Naidu YSRC Mudunuri Prasada Raju 59 Bhimavaram Ramanjaneyulu YSRC Grandhi Srinivas 60 Undi Rama Raju TDP Mantena Ramaraju 61 Tanuku Arimilli Radhakrishna YSRC Karumuri Venkata Nageswara Rao 62 Tadepalligudem Pydikondala Manikyala Rao YSRC Kottu Satyanarayana 63 Unguturu Ganni Veeranjaneyulu YSRC Puppala Srinivasarao 64 Denduluru Chinthamaneni Prabhakar YSRC Abbaya Chowdary Kothari 65 Eluru Badeti Kota Rama Rao Bujji YSRC Alla Kali Krishna Srinivas 66 Gopalapuram (SC) Muppidi Venkateswararao YSRC Venkatrao Talari 67 Polavaram (ST) Modiyam Srinivasa Rao YSRC Tellam Bala Raju 68 Chintalapudi (SC) Peethala Sujatha YSRC Vunnamatla Rakada Eliza 69 Tiruvuru (SC) Kokkiligadda Rakshana Nidhi YSRC Kokkiligadda Rakshana Nidhi 70 Nuzvid Meka Venkata Pratap Appa Rao YSRC Meka Venkata Pratap Apparao 71 Gannavaram Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan YSRC Kondeti Chitti Babu 72 Gudivada Kodali Sri Venkateswara Rao Nani YSRC Kodali Sri Venkateswara Rao 73 Kaikalur Kamineni Srinivas YSRC Dulam Nageswara Rao 74 Pedana Kagita Venkata Rao YSRC Jogi Ramesh 75 Machilipatnam Kollu Ravindra YSRC Perni Venkataramaiah 76 Avanigadda Buddha Prasad Mandali YSRC  Ramesh Babu Simhadri 77 Pamarru (SC) Uppuleti Kalpana YSRC Anil Kumar Kaile 78 Penamaluru Bode Prasad YSRC Kolusu Partha Sarathy 79 Vijayawada West Jaleel Khan YSRC Velam Palli Srinivasa Rao 80 Vijayawada Central Bonda Umamaheswara Rao TDP Bonda Umamaheswara Rao 81 Vijayawada East Gadde Rama Mohan TDP Gadde Rama Mohan 82 Mylavaram Devineni Umamaheswara Rao TDP Vasantha Venkata Krishna Prasad 83 Nandigama (SC) Thangirala Prabhakara Rao YSRC Monditoka Jagan Mohana Rao 84 Jaggayyapeta Rajagopal Sreeram Tathaiah YSRC Udayabhanu Samineni 85 Pedakurapadu Kommalapati Sridhar YSRC Sankara Rao Namburu 86 Tadikonda (SC) Tenali Sravana Kumar YSRC Vundavalli Sridevi 87 Mangalagiri Alla Rama Krishna Reddy. Rk YSRC Alla Rama Krishna Reddy 88 Ponnuru Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar YSRC Venkatroshaiah Kilari 89 Vemuru (SC) Ananda Babu Nakka YSRC Merugu Nagarjuna 90 Repalle Anagani Satya Prasad TDP Anagani Satya Prasad 91 Tenali Alapati Rajendra Prasad YSRC Annabathuni Siva Kumar 92 Bapatla Kona Raghupathi YSRC Kona Raghupathi 93 Prathipadu (SC) Ravela Kishore Babu YSRC Mekathoti Sucharitha 94 Guntur West Modugula Venu Gop Ala Reddy TDP Maddali Giridhara Rao 95 Guntur East Musthafa Shaik YSRC Mohammed Mustafa Shaik 96 Chilakaluripet Prathipati Pulla Rao YSRC Rajini Vidadala 97 Narasaropet Dr Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy YSRC Gopireddy Srinivasareddy 98 Sattenapalle Kodela Siva Prasada Rao YSRC Ambati Rambabu 99 Vinukonda G V Aanzaneyulu YSRC Bolla Brahma Naidu 100 Gurajala Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao YSRC Kasu Mahesh Reddy 101 Macherla Ramakrishnareddy Pinnelli YSRC Ramakrishnareddy Pinnelli. 102 Yerragondapalem (SC) David Raju Palaparthi YSRC Audimulapu Suresh 103 Darsi Raghava Rao Sidda YSRC Maddisetty Venugopal 104 Parchur Yeluri Sambasiva Rao TDP Yeluri Samba Sivarao 105 Addanki Gottipati Ravikumar Bujji TDP Gottipati Ravikumar 106 Chirala Amanchi Krishna Mohan TDP Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy 107 Santhanuthalapadu (SC) Audimulapu Suresh YSRC T.J.R. Sudhakar Babu 108 Ongole Damacharla Janardhana Rao YSRC Balineni Srinivasa Reddy 109 Kandukur Pothula Rama Rao YSRC Maheedhar Reddy Manugunta 110 Kondapi (SC) Veeranjaneya Swamy TDP Doctor Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy 111 Markapuram Janke Venkata Reddy YSRC Kunduru Nagarjuna Reddy 112 Giddalur Ashok Reddy Muthumula YSRC Anna Rambabu 113 Kanigiri Kadiri Baburao YSRC Burra Madhu Sudhan Yadav 114 Kavali Ramireddy Pratap Kumar Reddy YSRC Ramireddy Pratap Kumar Reddy 115 Atmakur Mekapati Goutham Reddy YSRC Mekapati Goutham Reddy 116 Kovur Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy YSRC Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy 117 Nellore City Anil Kumar Poluboina YSRC Anil Kumar Poluboina 118 Nellore Rural Kotamreddy Sridhar Reddy YSRC Kotamreddy Sridhar Reddy 119 Sarvepalli Kakani Govardan Reddy YSRC Kakani Govardhan Reddy 120 Gudur (SC) Pasim Sunil Kumar YSRC Velagapalli Varaprasad Rao 121 Sullurpeta (SC) Sanjeevaiah Kiliveti YSRC Kiliveti Sanjeevaiah 122 Venkatagiri Kurugondla Ramakrishna YSRC Anam Ramanarayana Reddy 123 Udayagiri Bollineni Venkata Ramarao YSRC Mekapati Chandra Sekhar Reddy 124 Badvel (SC) Thiriveedi Jayaramulu YSRC Dr. G. Venkata Subbaiah 125 Rajampet Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy YSRC Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy 126 Kadapa Amzath Basha S B YSRC Amzath Basha Shaik Bepari 127 Kodur (SC) Koramutla Sreenivasulu YSRC Koramutla Sreenivasulu 128 Rayachoti Gadikota Srikanth Reddy YSRC Gadikota. Srikanth Reddy 129 Pulivendla Y S Jagan Mohan Reddy YSRC Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy 130 Kamalapuram Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy YSRC Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy 131 Jammalamadugu Chadipirala Adinarayanareddy YSRC Mule Sudheer Reddy 132 Proddatur Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy YSRC Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy 133 Mydukur Raghuramireddy Settipalli YSRC Raghurami Reddy Settipally 134 Allagadda Bhuma Shobha Nagi Reddy YSRC Gangula Brijendra Reddy 135 Srisailam Budda Rajasekhar Reddy YSRC Silpa Chakrapani Reddy 136 Nandikotkur (SC) Isaiah Yakkaladevi YSRC Thoguru Arthur 137 Kurnool S V Mohan Reddy YSRC Abdul Hafeez Khan 138 Panyam Gowru Charitha Reddy YSRC Katasani Rambhupal Reddy 139 Nandyal Bhuma Nagi Reddy YSRC Shilpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy 140 Banaganapalle Janardhana Reddy B C YSRC Katasani Rami Reddy 141 Dhone Buggana Rajendranath YSRC Buggana Raja Reddy 142 Pattikonda Kambalapadu Ediga Krishna Murthy YSRC Kangati Sreedevi 143 Kodumur (SC) M Mani Gandhi YSRC Jaradoddi Sudhakar 144 Yemmiganur B Jaya Nageswara Reddy YSRC K Chennakesava Reddy 145 Mantralayam Y Balanagireddy YSRC Y. Balanagi Reddy 146 Adoni Y Saiprasad Reddy YSRC Y. Sai Prasad Reddy 147 Alur Gummanur Jaya Ram YSRC P Jayaram 148 Rayadurg Kalava Srinivasulu YSRC Kapu Ramachandra Reddy 149 Uravakonda Y Viswesara Reddy TDP Payyavula Keshav 150 Guntakal R Jithendra Goud YSRC Y. Venkatarama Reddy 151 Tadpatri Prabhakar Reddy J.c YSRC K. Pedda Reddy 152 Singanamala (SC) B. Yamini Bala YSRC Padmavathy Jonnalagadda 153 Anantapur Urban Prabhakar Chowdary.v YSRC Anantha Venkatarami Reddy 154 Kalyandurg Hanumantharaya Chowdary YSRC K.V. Usha Sricharan 155 Raptadu Paritala Sunithamma YSRC Thopudurthi Prakash Reddy 156 Madakasira (SC) K. Eeranna YSRC M Thippeswamy 157 Hindupur Balakrishna Nandamuri TDP Nandamuri Balakrishna 158 Penukonda B. K. Parth Asar Athi YSRC Malagundla Sankaranarayana 159 Puttaparthi Palle Raghunath Reddy YSRC Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy 160 Dharmavaram Gonugguntla Suiyanarayolirv. YSRC Kethireddy Venkatarami Reddy 161 Kadiri Attar. Chand Basha YSRC P.V. Sidda Reddy 162 Thamballapalle G. Shankar YSRC Peddireddy Dwarakanatha Reddy 163 Pileru Chinthala Ramachandra Reddy YSRC Chinthala Ramachandra Reddy 164 Madanapalle Dr. Desai Thlppa Reddy. M.s. YSRC Mohammed Nawaz Basha 165 Punganur Ramachandra Reddy YSRC Peddireddi Ramachandra Reddy 166 Chandragiri Cbevi Reddy Bhaskar Reddy YSRC Dr.Chevireddy Bhaskar Reddy 167 Tirupati M. Venkataramana YSRC Bhumana Karunakar Reddy 168 Srikalahasti Gopala Krishna Reddy Bojjala YSRC Madhusudhan Reddy Biyyapu 169 Satyavedu (SC) Talari Aditya YSRC Adimulam Koneti 170 Nagari R K Roja YSRC R.K. Roja 171 Gangadhara Nellore (SC) Narayanaswamy YSRC K. Narayana Swamy 172 Chittoor D. A. Sathya Prabha YSRC Aranii Srenevasulu (Jangalapalli) 173 Puthalapattu (SC) M. Sunil Kumar YSRC M. Babu 174 Palamaner N. Amaranath Reddy YSRC N Venkate Gowda 175 Kuppam Nara Chandra Babu Naidu TDP Nara Chandra Babu Naidu

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Ramanujan - The Indian genius who changed the world of mathematics

New Post has been published on https://startupupdates.info/ramanujan-the-indian-genius-who-changed-the-world-of-mathematics/

Ramanujan - The Indian genius who changed the world of mathematics

 In an interview by Paul Erdős, when Hardy was asked what his greatest contribution to mathematics was, Hardy unhesitatingly replied that it was the discovery of Ramanujan. So think how genius Ramanujan was , When one of greatest mathematician of 20th century unhesitatingly replied that his greatest contribution was not any mathematics discovery but discovery of one Indian genius.

Introduction

Srinivasa Ramanujan was born on December 22, 1887 and was predetermined to gotten to be a brilliant mathematician. Over the course of his life, he went on to create thousands of his own formulas, numerous of which have kept on be utilized in mathematics and science. In fact his Formula are indeed utilized to understand  dark holes. He initially made a few of his theories while in India , in spite of the fact that when he travelled to Cambridge in Britain to talk about his scientific equations with the brightest minds of the time, he made numerous there as well. It was in Britain that Ramanujan started  an inspirational partnership with the Cambridge teacher Godfrey Harold Hardy. Professor Hardy  figured it out that Ramanujan had found certain mathematical formulas by himself that were really as of now known to the mathematical elite. However, what was more striking was that he created his own formulas, which warranted further understanding. Most of his theories have been proven correct over time and have provided mathematicians since then with the basis from which to create formulas that continue to shape science today.

Early Life

Srinivasa Ramanujan was born in Erode, a city which is  presently in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. His father, K. Srinivasa Iyengar, was a receptionist in a sari shop whereas his mother, Komalatammal, was a housewife who frequently sang religious hymns at the local Hindu temple. When he was just two years old, Ramanujan contracted smallpox and later recovered from the disease. As a child, he did not like attending school and his family even enlisted the help of a local constable to ensure that he actually attended. Paradoxically, it was at Kangayan Primary School that he really flourished. He performed very well academically. In November 1897, at nine years old, Ramanujan completed his primary school education and scored the highest marks in his local district. He then enrolled at Town Higher Secondary School. It was there that his love and fascination with mathematics began.

Ramanujan’s thirst for mathematical knowledge was unquenchable. By the age of 13, he had mastered a textbook by Professor Sidney Luxton Loney on advanced trigonometry, or the study of relationships involving the lengths and angles of triangles. Within a couple of years he was discovering complex mathematical theories on his own, creating his own formulas and even completed mathematical examinations in less than half the allocated time.

Ramanujan received a copy of A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics by the mathematician George Shoobridge Carr from a friend. This contained a staggering 5,000 of Carr’s own theories. It is generally believed that by studying this book Ramanujan’s mathematical prowess was awakened. In 1904, he was awarded the K. Ranganatha Rao prize by his school’s headmaster, after which he received a scholarship at Government Arts College in Kumbakonam. While there he was so enamoured with mathematics that he neglected all other subjects, and subsequently lost his scholarship. Ramanujan would later enroll at Pachaiyappa’s College in Madras, now known as Chennai. He failed in his Fellow of Arts degree as he again did not perform well in subjects other than mathematics. He sat for the examinations again a year later but also failed. Since he lacked a degree, he left formal education to pursue his work independently and because he lacked formal qualifications, he concentrated on his theories alone, living in utter poverty and was often on the brink of starvation.

Adulthood

In 1909, at the age of 22, Ramanujan was married to Srimathi Janaki, also known as Janakiammal. At this time in history, it was not unusual for marriages to be arranged with girls who were much younger than the husband. This was the case for Ramanujan’s marriage to Srimathi Janaki who was only 10 years old at the time.

Following this, Ramanujan spent time looking for work in Chennai, while living in his friend’s house. At the same time, to earn some money, he gave tuition to students from Presidency College, one of the oldest government arts colleges in India and one of the two Presidency colleges established by the British. At that time the Indian Mathematical Society of India was formed by V. Ramaswamy Aiyer, whom Ramanujan met with when he was looking for a job. Later, Aiyer recalled looking through Ramanujan’s notebooks upon meeting him.

“I was struck by the extraordinary mathematical results contained in it [the notebooks]. I had no mind to smother his genius by an appointment in the lowest rungs of the revenue department.”

This meeting was to be fortunate for Ramanujan, as he was soon sent to Chennai with letters of introduction from Aiyer. There he met with Aiyer’s mathematical peers, who again gave him letters of introduction and sent him to Raghunatha Ramachandra Rao, an Indian civil servant, mathematician and social and political activist and the secretary of the Indian Mathematical Society. Upon first meeting Ramanujan, Rao was unconvinced regarding his mathematical formulas and thought him a fraud. However upon talking and discussing various complicated mathematical theories with Ramanujan, he was won over by the young man’s mathematical genius. Ramanujan requested Rao’s help for financial aid while he continued his research and Rao happily obliged. This eventually led to Ramanujan having his work published in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.

In 1912, Ramanujan applied for a temporary job in the Madras Accountant General’s office. There he was supposed to earn 20 Indian rupees a month, but he was only in this position for a couple of weeks. During this time, he applied for a job under the Chief Accountant of the Madras Port Trust. His application was accompanied by a letter of recommendation from Edgar William Middlemast, a professor of mathematics at Presidency College. This application landed Ramanujan a job as a Class III, Grade IV accounting clerk on March 1, 1912 with a monthly salary of 30 rupees. Ramanujan was adept at the work, finishing his assignments quickly, allowing him ample time to continue his research. His boss, Sir Francis Spring and his colleague, S. Narayana Iyer encouraged Ramanujan in his research.

In 1913, Diwan Bahadur Rao, Professor Middlemast and S. Narayana Iyer attempted to present Ramanujan’s work to various British mathematicians. Many of them ridiculed Ramanujan’s work, labelling him uneducated and a fraud. It was then that Ramanujan wrote to the mathematical elite at Cambridge University in England. Though he received the same negative reception from two professors, he received a warmer response from Professor Godfrey Harold Hardy. Though initially sceptical of Ramanujan’s work, upon analysing his manuscript further he was very impressed with some of his theories. Professor Hardy even stated that Ramanujan’s theories.

“defeated me completely; I had never seen anything in the least like them before”

and that his theories

“must be true, because, if they were not true, no one would have the imagination to invent them.”

After conferring with his colleague, Professor John Edensor Littlewood, who was equally impressed with Ramanujan’s work, Professor Hardy described him as a mathematician of the highest quality, a man whose work was original and powerful.

Professor Hardy wrote back to Ramanujan asking for more proof of his theories and began to arrange for Ramanujan to travel to Cambridge, contacting the Indian Office. Secretary Arthur Davies from the Advisory Committee for Indian Studies met with Ramanujan to discuss his trip to England, but Ramanujan refused to travel overseas to a foreign land, in observance of his strict Brahmin (priestly-caste) upbringing.

Despite this, Ramanujan felt very fortunate to have found such a friend. Professor Hardy even arranged, through his peers, for Ramanujan to receive a two-year research scholarship of 75 rupees a month from the University of Madras. While there he continued to submit papers containing his theories to the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.

There was a notable instance during which Ramanujan had pre-empted the work of another mathematician. Professor Edward Ross of Madras Christian College, who Ramanujan had met before, stormed into class one day. Flustered, he asked his students if Ramanujan knew Polish. It turned out that Ramanujan had written theories pre-empting the work of a Polish mathematician that had just arrived in the day’s mail.

Though dismayed at Ramanujan’s refusal to travel to Cambridge, Professor Hardy did not give up and enlisted the help of his colleague E. H. Neville. Over time, when Neville questioned Ramanujan regarding his refusal, it turned out that he no longer held reservations about traveling. Ramanujan promptly left for England, leaving his parents and wife behind in India.

Traveling to England and Life in Cambridge

Ramanujan’s journey from India to England took almost a whole month by sea. Traveling from Madras on March 17, 1914, he arrived in the ports of London on April 14. When he arrived, Ramanujan was whisked away to Cambridge after a couple of days stay in London. In Cambridge, Ramanujan was housed a short distance away from Professor Hardy’s own room. There he began working with Professor Hardy and Professor Littlewood almost immediately.

Studying his notebooks, they found many theories. Some had already been discovered by other mathematicians of the past, some they concluded were wrong and others they decided were complete breakthroughs. They were absolutely stunned by his brilliance, even comparing him to two of history’s most well-known mathematicians – Leonhard Euler and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. Throughout Ramanujan’s time in England, Professor Hardy tried to provide Ramanujan with an education in the areas that he was not familiar with.

His five years spent in Cambridge was not without its difficulties. There was a clash of cultures between Ramanujan who came from a traditional Indian background and the two Cambridge professors. They had differences not only in the ways they worked together, but also in their beliefs. Ramanujan was a devout Hindu who relied on his intuition, whereas his colleague Professor Hardy was a stout atheist who only believed in what could be proven and in mathematics.

In March 1916, Ramanujan was awarded a PhD (then known as a Bachelor of Science) degree for his mathematical work, part of which was published as an academic paper in the journal Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. This began a period of acceptance for Ramanujan and his work. He was elected to the London Mathematical Society in 1917, and then as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918, the oldest scientific academy that still exists. He was only 31 years old at the time, making him one of the youngest Fellows since the Royal Society began in 1660. This award is only granted to those who have made a ‘substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science’. Other notable Fellows of the Royal Society include the likes of Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Michael Faraday, Albert Einstein and Alan Turing. In 1918, Ramanuja made history by becoming the first ever Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Divine Mathematics

Ramanujan was born into a deeply religious Hindu family. Since his father spent most of the day at work, he was especially close to his mother. It was from her that he learned of the ancient Hindu tradition, learned to sing religious hymns, was encouraged to attend religious services at the local temples and learned the ways of the Brahmin (priestly) caste.

Ramanujan’s original refusal of Professor Hardy’s invitation to travel to England came about from his strict orthodox Hindu lifestyle, which prohibited him from travelling overseas. His parents also objected to this invitation, in accordance with their Brahmin upbringing.

However, his mother’s opposition was withdrawn after she received a dream from the family goddess, Namagiri, who told her not to stand in the way of her son and the fulfilment of his life’s purpose. Once he received her permission he promptly embarked on his journey that would bring him acclaim and establish his works among those of the world’s leading mathematical elite.

Following his deeply held beliefs, Ramanujan actually attributed his mathematical genius to this very same goddess, Namagiri. In fact he is known to have said,

“an equation for me has no meaning, unless it expresses a thought of God.”

Death and Acknowledgment

Ramanujan was never a very healthy person and suffered from illness and health issues throughout his life. This was exacerbated while in England, since he was not used to the foreign environment. He spent time at a sanatorium, or hospital for long-term illness after he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and a severe vitamin deficiency. Following this, he returned to India in 1919 but sadly, he passed away just a year later in 1920. He was 32 years old at the time of his passing. Ramanujan was survived by his wife Srimathi Janaki. Following an examination of his medical records, some experts have argued that his tuberculosis diagnosis was mistaken. They claim that he actually suffered from hepatic amoebiasis, a disease that could have been treated and even cured at the time.

Given his legacy as a great mathematician whose formulas still form the basis of many advanced equations and theories, his life and work have been celebrated in many ways. In 1962, the 75th anniversary of his birth, the Government of India released a memorial postal stamp in remembrance of his life and deeds. A new design of the stamp was released in 2011.

Learning institutions such as Government Arts College in Kumbakonam and IIT Madras in Chennai celebrate his achievements annually on what is referred to as Ramanujan Day. Various prizes for young mathematicians have also been started in his name, for example by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, the SASTRA University and the Vasavi College of Engineering.

On December 22, 2011, the 125th anniversary of his birth, the Government of India declared that December 22 would be celebrated as ‘National Mathematics Day’ every year in honour of Srinivasa Ramanujan.

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[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 41, 2022

Neural excursions from manifold structure explain patterns of learning during human sensorimotor adaptation. Areshenkoff, C., Gale, D. J., Standage, D., Nashed, J. Y., Flanagan, J. R., & Gallivan, J. P. (2022). eLife, 11, e74591.

Brain charts for the human lifespan. Bethlehem, R. A. I., Seidlitz, J., White, S. R., Vogel, J. W., Anderson, K. M., Adamson, C., … Alexander-Bloch, A. F. (2022). Nature, 604(7906), 525–533.

Somatic Depolarization Enhances Hippocampal CA1 Dendritic Spike Propagation and Distal Input-Driven Synaptic Plasticity. Bock, T., Negrean, A., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(16), 3406–3425.

Dendritic Branch-constrained N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor-mediated Spikes Drive Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Cells. Brandalise, F., Carta, S., Leone, R., Helmchen, F., Holtmaat, A., & Gerber, U. (2022). Neuroscience, 489, 57–68.

A Computational Model of Direction Selectivity in Macaque V1 Cortex Based on Dynamic Differences between On and Off Pathways. Chariker, L., Shapley, R., Hawken, M., & Young, L.-S. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(16), 3365–3380.

Compartmentalized dendritic plasticity during associative learning. d’Aquin, S., Szonyi, A., Mahn, M., Krabbe, S., Gründemann, J., & Lüthi, A. (2022). Science, 376(6590).

Perceptual Weighting of V1 Spikes Revealed by Optogenetic White Noise Stimulation. Day-Cooney, J., Cone, J. J., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(15), 3122–3132.

Pre-stimulus alpha-band phase gates early visual cortex responses. Dou, W., Morrow, A., Iemi, L., & Samaha, J. (2022). NeuroImage, 253, 119060.

Learning by Exposure in the Visual System. Iliescu, B. F., Hansen, B., & Dragoi, V. (2022). Brain Sciences, 12(4), 508.

Latency shortening with enhanced sparseness and responsiveness in V1 during active visual sensing. Ito, J., Joana, C., Yamane, Y., Fujita, I., Tamura, H., Maldonado, P. E., & Grün, S. (2022). Scientific Reports, 12, 6021.

Classical-Contextual Interactions in V1 May Rely on Dendritic Computations. Jin, L., Behabadi, B. F., Jadi, M. P., Ramachandra, C. A., & Mel, B. W. (2022). Neuroscience, 489, 234–250.

Do Biological Constraints Impair Dendritic Computation? Jones, I. S., & Kording, K. P. (2022). Neuroscience, 489, 262–274.

Changes in error-correction behavior according to visuomotor maps in goal-directed projection tasks. Kusafuka, A., Onagawa, R., Kimura, A., & Kudo, K. (2022). Journal of Neurophysiology, 127(4), 1171–1184.

Changes in visual speed perception induced by anticipatory smooth eye movements. Miyamoto, T., Numasawa, K., & Ono, S. (2022). Journal of Neurophysiology, 127(4), 1198–1207.

Dynamic compartmental computations in tuft dendrites of layer 5 neurons during motor behavior. Otor, Y., Achvat, S., Cermak, N., Benisty, H., Abboud, M., Barak, O., … Schiller, J. (2022). Science, 376(6590), 267–275.

Beyond dimension reduction: Stable electric fields emerge from and allow representational drift. Pinotsis, D. A., & Miller, E. K. (2022). NeuroImage, 253, 119058.

Resonating Minds—Emergent Collaboration Through Hierarchical Active Inference. Pöppel, J., Kahl, S., & Kopp, S. (2022). Cognitive Computation, 14(2), 581–601.

Optimizing a Neuron for Reliable Dendritic Subunit Pooling. Ramdas, T., & Mel, B. W. (2022). Neuroscience, 489, 216–233.

Strategy-dependent effects of working-memory limitations on human perceptual decision-making. Schapiro, K., Josić, K., Kilpatrick, Z. P., & Gold, J. I. (2022). eLife, 11, e73610.

Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptors Bidirectionally Modulate Intrinsic Excitability of Inhibitory Neurons. Yao, L., Rong, Y., Ma, X., Li, H., Deng, D., Chen, Y., … Zhou, Q. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(15), 3066–3079.

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[hrk4]

The year that was...

Dear Friends:

Season’s Greetings!

In the celebrated Yaksha-prashna episode of the Mahābhārata, responding to one of Yaksha’s questions Yudhishtira says,

Day after day, countless beings are going to the abode of death; yet those that remain desire to live forever! What can be a greater wonder than that?

2020 served as a grisly commentary to this famous utterance.

Year after year sees birth and death, with the former always surpassing the latter. While the birth of a child causes joy to a small group of people, the death of a person can cause sorrow to millions. 2020 was a ghastly experience for me with regard to death: several individuals who influenced me either directly or indirectly passed away and in my own case, I felt death’s knock on my door—albeit for brief moments—during an irksome bout of tuberculosis that lasted a couple of months.

Some eminent personages—all renowned in their own fields—that I had the good fortune of meeting, engaging in discussions, or collaborating with over the years breathed their last in 2020 – Dr. V Prasanna Bhat (a finance/management whiz and close friend of my father whose cerebral approach to life and meticulousness influenced me in many ways), Subramaniam Chittur (entrepreneur, Rotarian, communications expert, and the man who brought Toastmasters International to India – an organization that proved transformational for me as early as during my high school days), Ranjon Ghoshal (renowned actor/director who was my guide in the world of theatre and a consummate conversationalist with whom I have discussed themes ranging from the Vedas to folk music, from Bengali literature to stage lighting, from advertising to colonial history), Ivry Gitlis (world-famous violinist whose masterclass I was lucky to attend when he visited Bangalore in 2005), Pt. Jasraj (renowned Hindustani singer with a golden voice whom I had the fortune of meeting when he performed with my guru Dr. L Subramaniam during the LGMF), Prof. Roddam Narasimha (one of India’s foremost scientists whom I was fortunate to have interacted with on three occasions, thanks to his nephew and my college classmate Varun Prakash; the eclectic mix of physics, philosophy, ancient Indian science, and Sanskrit that formed the mainstay of all my interactions with him always proved inspirational to me), and Dr. Gayatri Rajapur (an extraordinary musicologist and gottuvadyam exponent who I first met through her disciple and my friend Vinay Kumar, and later got the opportunity to interact on many occasions during the academic committee meetings of the LGCE; I always marvelled at her deep erudition, immense patience, and clear exposition).

2020 also saw the death of famous personalities who influenced me in some way or the other although I never met them: S P Balasubrahmanyam (playback singer, actor, and TV anchor), Basu Chatterjee (filmmaker and screenwriter), Soumitra Chatterjee (actor, playwright, and poet), Sir Sean Connery (actor), Irrfan Khan (actor), Prof. T N Krishnan (violinist), James Lipton (actor, writer, and dean emeritus of the Actors Studio Drama School), Diego Maradona (football legend), Ennio Moricone (music composer), James Randi (conjurer, rationalist, and activist), Sir Ken Robinson (author and educationist), Sankar (artist and painter, renowned for his sketches in the Chandamama monthly including the iconic painting of Vikram and Betal), et al.

Some of the memorable episodes from the BC (Before Corona) days include my debut as a pṛcchaka (in the saṅkhyā-bandha division) in an Avadhāna of Śatāvadhāni Dr. R Ganesh; a trip with my mother to Sosale, our ancestral village; a weekend getaway with friends from my study group; editing/designing the seminal work Prekṣaṇīyam; attending the day-long dance conference Tha-Dheem that included speakers such as Dr. Padma Subrahmanyam, Śatāvadhāni Dr. R Ganesh, Saroj Khan, Rajiv Menon, Nirupama Rajendra, Dr. Rajkumar Bharathi, Praveen D Rao, and Pravin Godkhindi; and participating in Madanothsava, a 1,600-year-old community festival of spring recreated by Nirupama and Rajendra of the Abhinava Dance Company.

The multiple lockdowns in 2020 gave me the opportunity to pursue my activities with greater focus and solitude. On the day of Yugadi (March 25) I started reading the Mahābhārata in the original Sanskrit along with my good friend Arjun Bharadwaj; in the early days, we met up online twice or thrice a week and discussed the chapters we read (he was always ahead of me, thus giving me the much-needed impetus to move forward!) I edited and designed a new version of Ram Gopal Misra’s 1983 classic Indian Resistance to Early Muslim Invaders up to 1206 A.D. (which was published in October). In collaboration with my friends G S Raghavendra and Srishan Thirumalai, I worked on a modern translation of selected verses from Lilashuka’s Śrīkṛṣṇakarṇāmṛtam (which is still in progress). I spent a lot of time practising the violin. The various study groups that I am a part of also saw an upward trend with regular online sessions; while we missed the leisure and the human connection offered by in-person sessions, we were able to save travel time and also accomplish more in the same one hour allocated to the study.

During the later part of May, I contracted a fever that simply wouldn’t go away. Forty-two days without a break it persisted. Pyrexia of Unknown Origin they called it. Following a battery of tests and much speculation by medical experts from diverse disciplines I was diagnosed with tuberculosis of the lymph node. The two months of June and July were largely spent in bed, totally disconnected from all my activities. I sailed through, thanks to the good counsel of my doctors (Dr. Alaka Acharya, Dr. Amar P, and Dr. G L Krishna) and perhaps more importantly, the long-standing support from my parents and my friends. I neither deserved nor desired the unconditional love and affection that I was showered with. I really don’t know how to account for the selflessness of my family and the generosity of my friends. It is a debt that is impossible to repay. And uttering any words of gratitude will only expose my ineptitude.

In 2020, I had the opportunity to speak on a few topics to diverse groups (young professionals, dance students, interns working in the back office of a politician), write a few essays (including one in Kannada, my first), restart my sketching journey, and work on editing/designing a few books (revised edition of Studies in Ancient Tamil Law and Society by Dr. R Nagaswamy and A Tapestry of Pen-portraits by S R Ramaswamy).

I also recall with great fondness the many illuminating conversations I had in 2020 – on music (with my guru Dr. L Subramaniam and with my friends Vivekananda, Ranjani Vasuki, and Kashyap Naik), on Sanskrit literature (with G S Raghavendra, Srishan Thirumalai, and Sudheer Krishnaswami), on multiple subjects related to India and Indian culture (with Dr. S R Ramaswamy, Śatāvadhāni Dr. R Ganesh, Vasuki H A, Vighneshwar Bhat, Arjun Bharadwaj, and Jayasimha K R), on writing and literature (with Prof. L V Shanthakumari, Chandra Shekhar, Sarita Talwai, and Bhumika Anand), on art and artistry (with Nirupama, Rajendra, Sagar Mehta, and Somashekhara Sharma), on politics and society (with Cedric Blair, Karthik Rao, Shankar Venkataraman, Showri H R, Shreesha Karantha, and Vikram Phadke), on history and education (with Dr. R Nagaswamy, Dr. M D Srinivas, Sripriya Srinivasan, and the Samvit team), and a variety of topics (with my family and my friends including Aditya Jeurkar, Chandrashekhar K S, Hrishikesh M K, Pratap Simha, and Srikanteswara).

My father turned seventy in 2020 and to coincide with what he terms ‘fifty years of adulthood,’ he brought out his autobiography Doing Well, Feeling Happy, which is really a book about work-life balance and handling crisis with equanimity. He also happened to put together a small book about the amazing human body, a result of his online research, while he was trying to understand the cause for my prolonged fever. Incidentally, during my convalescence period, I wrote a short piece on the Bhaja Govindam, which was also published as a booklet along with the other two works.

I spent the last few days of 2020 with my friends and their family in the sylvan surroundings at Rishikesh, Devaprayag, Lakshman Jhula, etc. The two highlights of the trip were meditating in Vasishta Guha on December 31st evening and white-water rafting on the Ganga on the first day of 2021. To me they represent the serenity and satisfaction one must experience during the conclusion (of a day or a week) and the enthusiasm and energy one should feel during the commencement (of a new day or week).

As for 2021, I have a few plans in terms of what I wish to accomplish and how I should proceed towards my chosen goals. Having broken down the process into weekly targets, I’m going to share that with a few friends so that they will—hopefully—constantly remind me about my shortcomings. I hope to practice the violin 18 hours a week, read 100 books (having bought a Kindle as a Dasara gift), drastically cut down on sugar, sketch occasionally, considerably reduce screen time (both on my mobile and computer), and learn to live more simply with better health and greater empathy. These are all aspirations at present; let’s see how they go as the year progresses :)

Wishing you and your family a joy-filled, healthy, and prosperous new year!

Cheers, Hari PS: Here is a podcast I recorded (in conversation with Mowna Ramachandra) about the musical creations of my guru, Dr. L Subramaniam.

[luxe-pauvre]

My eight-year-old son, Mani, once asked me whether maybe the zombie is smarter than we think, a fact that is celebrated in both ancient martial arts and modern movies like Star Wars. When young Luke Skywalker is struggling with his conscious awareness, Yoda advises, "Use the force. Feel it. Yes," and "No. Try not! Do or do not. There is no try." Was he referring to a zombie? I answered, "No," but later began to have second thoughts. For in truth, we know so little about the brain that even a child's questions should be seriously entertained. The most obvious fact about existence is your sense of being a single, unified self "in charge" of your destiny; so obvious, in fact, that you rarely pause to think about it. And yet Dr. Aglioti's experiment and observations on patients like Diane suggest that there is in fact another being inside you that goes about his or her business without your knowledge or awareness. And, as it turns out, there is not just one such zombie but a multitude of them inhabiting your brain. If so, your concept of a single "I" of "self" inhabiting your brain may be simply an illusion - albeit one that allows you to organise your life more efficiently, gives you a sense of purpose and helps you interact with others.

V. S. Ramachandra & Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain

[self-help-research-info-services]

An extraordinary documentary on the brainpower of Daniel T, the young Englishman who could be the world’s greatest mental athlete. Daniel is not just a calculating wizard, but also a memory champion and super linguist. He speaks nine languages. Daniel, the oldest of seven children, has been able to do amazing calculations after an epileptic fit when he was 3 years old. He was even able to remember over 22,000 numbers in a public display of his ability. But how does he do it? Leading scientists explore the extraordinary world of this real-life Rainman. Daniel’s psychological make-up is explored by Cambridge University autism expert Professor Simon Baron Cohen who delves into his childhood experiences in an effort to explain his remarkable abilities. In America Daniel meets other extraordinary people like himself, known as “savants” — including Kim Peek, whose story was the basis of the movie “Rainman”. Brain scientists at the Salk Institute in San Diego, including Professor V S Ramachandra, are astounded at his skills and discover the key to Daniel’s ability is his visual imagery which his brain “sees” when he hears a number, this condition is known as synaesthesia. To show it’s not just numbers Daniel can remember – he also learns one of the world’s hardest languages, Icelandic, in just one week — and gets interviewed on Icelandic TV after only 7 days of learning to speak it.

[startupupdates]

Ramanujan - The Indian genius who changed the world of mathematics

New Post has been published on https://startupupdates.info/ramanujan-the-indian-genius-who-changed-the-world-of-mathematics/

Ramanujan - The Indian genius who changed the world of mathematics

 In an interview by Paul Erdős, when Hardy was asked what his greatest contribution to mathematics was, Hardy unhesitatingly replied that it was the discovery of Ramanujan. So think how genius Ramanujan was , When one of greatest mathematician of 20th century unhesitatingly replied that his greatest contribution was not any mathematics discovery but discovery of one Indian genius.

Introduction

Srinivasa Ramanujan was born on December 22, 1887 and was predetermined to gotten to be a brilliant mathematician. Over the course of his life, he went on to create thousands of his own formulas, numerous of which have kept on be utilized in mathematics and science. In fact his Formula are indeed utilized to understand  dark holes. He initially made a few of his theories while in India , in spite of the fact that when he travelled to Cambridge in Britain to talk about his scientific equations with the brightest minds of the time, he made numerous there as well. It was in Britain that Ramanujan started  an inspirational partnership with the Cambridge teacher Godfrey Harold Hardy. Professor Hardy  figured it out that Ramanujan had found certain mathematical formulas by himself that were really as of now known to the mathematical elite. However, what was more striking was that he created his own formulas, which warranted further understanding. Most of his theories have been proven correct over time and have provided mathematicians since then with the basis from which to create formulas that continue to shape science today.

Early Life

Srinivasa Ramanujan was born in Erode, a city which is  presently in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. His father, K. Srinivasa Iyengar, was a receptionist in a sari shop whereas his mother, Komalatammal, was a housewife who frequently sang religious hymns at the local Hindu temple. When he was just two years old, Ramanujan contracted smallpox and later recovered from the disease. As a child, he did not like attending school and his family even enlisted the help of a local constable to ensure that he actually attended. Paradoxically, it was at Kangayan Primary School that he really flourished. He performed very well academically. In November 1897, at nine years old, Ramanujan completed his primary school education and scored the highest marks in his local district. He then enrolled at Town Higher Secondary School. It was there that his love and fascination with mathematics began.

Ramanujan’s thirst for mathematical knowledge was unquenchable. By the age of 13, he had mastered a textbook by Professor Sidney Luxton Loney on advanced trigonometry, or the study of relationships involving the lengths and angles of triangles. Within a couple of years he was discovering complex mathematical theories on his own, creating his own formulas and even completed mathematical examinations in less than half the allocated time.

Ramanujan received a copy of A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics by the mathematician George Shoobridge Carr from a friend. This contained a staggering 5,000 of Carr’s own theories. It is generally believed that by studying this book Ramanujan’s mathematical prowess was awakened. In 1904, he was awarded the K. Ranganatha Rao prize by his school’s headmaster, after which he received a scholarship at Government Arts College in Kumbakonam. While there he was so enamoured with mathematics that he neglected all other subjects, and subsequently lost his scholarship. Ramanujan would later enroll at Pachaiyappa’s College in Madras, now known as Chennai. He failed in his Fellow of Arts degree as he again did not perform well in subjects other than mathematics. He sat for the examinations again a year later but also failed. Since he lacked a degree, he left formal education to pursue his work independently and because he lacked formal qualifications, he concentrated on his theories alone, living in utter poverty and was often on the brink of starvation.

Adulthood

In 1909, at the age of 22, Ramanujan was married to Srimathi Janaki, also known as Janakiammal. At this time in history, it was not unusual for marriages to be arranged with girls who were much younger than the husband. This was the case for Ramanujan’s marriage to Srimathi Janaki who was only 10 years old at the time.

Following this, Ramanujan spent time looking for work in Chennai, while living in his friend’s house. At the same time, to earn some money, he gave tuition to students from Presidency College, one of the oldest government arts colleges in India and one of the two Presidency colleges established by the British. At that time the Indian Mathematical Society of India was formed by V. Ramaswamy Aiyer, whom Ramanujan met with when he was looking for a job. Later, Aiyer recalled looking through Ramanujan’s notebooks upon meeting him.

“I was struck by the extraordinary mathematical results contained in it [the notebooks]. I had no mind to smother his genius by an appointment in the lowest rungs of the revenue department.”

This meeting was to be fortunate for Ramanujan, as he was soon sent to Chennai with letters of introduction from Aiyer. There he met with Aiyer’s mathematical peers, who again gave him letters of introduction and sent him to Raghunatha Ramachandra Rao, an Indian civil servant, mathematician and social and political activist and the secretary of the Indian Mathematical Society. Upon first meeting Ramanujan, Rao was unconvinced regarding his mathematical formulas and thought him a fraud. However upon talking and discussing various complicated mathematical theories with Ramanujan, he was won over by the young man’s mathematical genius. Ramanujan requested Rao’s help for financial aid while he continued his research and Rao happily obliged. This eventually led to Ramanujan having his work published in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.

In 1912, Ramanujan applied for a temporary job in the Madras Accountant General’s office. There he was supposed to earn 20 Indian rupees a month, but he was only in this position for a couple of weeks. During this time, he applied for a job under the Chief Accountant of the Madras Port Trust. His application was accompanied by a letter of recommendation from Edgar William Middlemast, a professor of mathematics at Presidency College. This application landed Ramanujan a job as a Class III, Grade IV accounting clerk on March 1, 1912 with a monthly salary of 30 rupees. Ramanujan was adept at the work, finishing his assignments quickly, allowing him ample time to continue his research. His boss, Sir Francis Spring and his colleague, S. Narayana Iyer encouraged Ramanujan in his research.

In 1913, Diwan Bahadur Rao, Professor Middlemast and S. Narayana Iyer attempted to present Ramanujan’s work to various British mathematicians. Many of them ridiculed Ramanujan’s work, labelling him uneducated and a fraud. It was then that Ramanujan wrote to the mathematical elite at Cambridge University in England. Though he received the same negative reception from two professors, he received a warmer response from Professor Godfrey Harold Hardy. Though initially sceptical of Ramanujan’s work, upon analysing his manuscript further he was very impressed with some of his theories. Professor Hardy even stated that Ramanujan’s theories.

“defeated me completely; I had never seen anything in the least like them before”

and that his theories

“must be true, because, if they were not true, no one would have the imagination to invent them.”

After conferring with his colleague, Professor John Edensor Littlewood, who was equally impressed with Ramanujan’s work, Professor Hardy described him as a mathematician of the highest quality, a man whose work was original and powerful.

Professor Hardy wrote back to Ramanujan asking for more proof of his theories and began to arrange for Ramanujan to travel to Cambridge, contacting the Indian Office. Secretary Arthur Davies from the Advisory Committee for Indian Studies met with Ramanujan to discuss his trip to England, but Ramanujan refused to travel overseas to a foreign land, in observance of his strict Brahmin (priestly-caste) upbringing.

Despite this, Ramanujan felt very fortunate to have found such a friend. Professor Hardy even arranged, through his peers, for Ramanujan to receive a two-year research scholarship of 75 rupees a month from the University of Madras. While there he continued to submit papers containing his theories to the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society.

There was a notable instance during which Ramanujan had pre-empted the work of another mathematician. Professor Edward Ross of Madras Christian College, who Ramanujan had met before, stormed into class one day. Flustered, he asked his students if Ramanujan knew Polish. It turned out that Ramanujan had written theories pre-empting the work of a Polish mathematician that had just arrived in the day’s mail.

Though dismayed at Ramanujan’s refusal to travel to Cambridge, Professor Hardy did not give up and enlisted the help of his colleague E. H. Neville. Over time, when Neville questioned Ramanujan regarding his refusal, it turned out that he no longer held reservations about traveling. Ramanujan promptly left for England, leaving his parents and wife behind in India.

Traveling to England and Life in Cambridge

Ramanujan’s journey from India to England took almost a whole month by sea. Traveling from Madras on March 17, 1914, he arrived in the ports of London on April 14. When he arrived, Ramanujan was whisked away to Cambridge after a couple of days stay in London. In Cambridge, Ramanujan was housed a short distance away from Professor Hardy’s own room. There he began working with Professor Hardy and Professor Littlewood almost immediately.

Studying his notebooks, they found many theories. Some had already been discovered by other mathematicians of the past, some they concluded were wrong and others they decided were complete breakthroughs. They were absolutely stunned by his brilliance, even comparing him to two of history’s most well-known mathematicians – Leonhard Euler and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. Throughout Ramanujan’s time in England, Professor Hardy tried to provide Ramanujan with an education in the areas that he was not familiar with.

His five years spent in Cambridge was not without its difficulties. There was a clash of cultures between Ramanujan who came from a traditional Indian background and the two Cambridge professors. They had differences not only in the ways they worked together, but also in their beliefs. Ramanujan was a devout Hindu who relied on his intuition, whereas his colleague Professor Hardy was a stout atheist who only believed in what could be proven and in mathematics.

In March 1916, Ramanujan was awarded a PhD (then known as a Bachelor of Science) degree for his mathematical work, part of which was published as an academic paper in the journal Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. This began a period of acceptance for Ramanujan and his work. He was elected to the London Mathematical Society in 1917, and then as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918, the oldest scientific academy that still exists. He was only 31 years old at the time, making him one of the youngest Fellows since the Royal Society began in 1660. This award is only granted to those who have made a ‘substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science’. Other notable Fellows of the Royal Society include the likes of Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Michael Faraday, Albert Einstein and Alan Turing. In 1918, Ramanuja made history by becoming the first ever Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Divine Mathematics

Ramanujan was born into a deeply religious Hindu family. Since his father spent most of the day at work, he was especially close to his mother. It was from her that he learned of the ancient Hindu tradition, learned to sing religious hymns, was encouraged to attend religious services at the local temples and learned the ways of the Brahmin (priestly) caste.

Ramanujan’s original refusal of Professor Hardy’s invitation to travel to England came about from his strict orthodox Hindu lifestyle, which prohibited him from travelling overseas. His parents also objected to this invitation, in accordance with their Brahmin upbringing.

However, his mother’s opposition was withdrawn after she received a dream from the family goddess, Namagiri, who told her not to stand in the way of her son and the fulfilment of his life’s purpose. Once he received her permission he promptly embarked on his journey that would bring him acclaim and establish his works among those of the world’s leading mathematical elite.

Following his deeply held beliefs, Ramanujan actually attributed his mathematical genius to this very same goddess, Namagiri. In fact he is known to have said,

“an equation for me has no meaning, unless it expresses a thought of God.”

Death and Acknowledgment

Ramanujan was never a very healthy person and suffered from illness and health issues throughout his life. This was exacerbated while in England, since he was not used to the foreign environment. He spent time at a sanatorium, or hospital for long-term illness after he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and a severe vitamin deficiency. Following this, he returned to India in 1919 but sadly, he passed away just a year later in 1920. He was 32 years old at the time of his passing. Ramanujan was survived by his wife Srimathi Janaki. Following an examination of his medical records, some experts have argued that his tuberculosis diagnosis was mistaken. They claim that he actually suffered from hepatic amoebiasis, a disease that could have been treated and even cured at the time.

Given his legacy as a great mathematician whose formulas still form the basis of many advanced equations and theories, his life and work have been celebrated in many ways. In 1962, the 75th anniversary of his birth, the Government of India released a memorial postal stamp in remembrance of his life and deeds. A new design of the stamp was released in 2011.

Learning institutions such as Government Arts College in Kumbakonam and IIT Madras in Chennai celebrate his achievements annually on what is referred to as Ramanujan Day. Various prizes for young mathematicians have also been started in his name, for example by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, the SASTRA University and the Vasavi College of Engineering.

On December 22, 2011, the 125th anniversary of his birth, the Government of India declared that December 22 would be celebrated as ‘National Mathematics Day’ every year in honour of Srinivasa Ramanujan.