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Following IDs are of pictures from the book begin italics The Chemical Age end italics.

ID. Sibert was concerned that the expertise assembled by the Chemical Warfare Service would not be cultivated. "I feel that... the genius and patriotism displayed by the chemists and chemical engineers of the country were not surpassed in any branch of war work and that to fail to utilize in peace times this talen would be a crime."[297]

Experts at the Chemical Warfare Service reasoned that chemical weapons, which were so effective at debilitating and killing people, would perhaps be even better at killing insects.[303] In the postwar period, chemists continued to test war gases against insect pests. Part of the motivation for this was political. The Chemical Warfare Service was slated for dissolution once hostilities ceased, as specified in President Wilson's order that created it.[315] Having survived this existential threat, the Chemical Warfare Service faced budget cuts from Congress as the need for chemical weapons seemed to be a thing of the past.[303]

To maintain its relevancy, the Chemical Warfare Service gave itself a makeover and promoted the civilian benefits of its poison gases, especially their potential uses as insecticides. It began to call itself the Chemical Peace Service, conducting "peaceful warfare."[303] End ID.

ID. cross, buzzard, rats, or grasshopper, is by clouds of gas".[303] Chemical warfare metamorphosed into pest control, with the preservation of humanity, rather than its destruction, as the goal. At the same time, pest control research justified the continued existence of the Chemical Warfare Service and its improvement of poison gases.

These efforts on the part of the Chemical Warfare Service coincided nicely with the needs of civilian entomologists, who at the time worked in a low-status field considered inconsequential by society, but who played an outsized role in pest control for the war effort. Following the war, entomologists "were surprised and chagrined to find that even in certain high official circles the old idea of the entomologist still held–that he was a man whose life was devoted to the differentiation of species by the examination of the number of spines on the legs and the number of spots on the wings."[322]

By framing their work as a war against insects with human survival at stake, entomologists elevated their prestige while they eagerly embraced the tools of war: airplanes, poison gases, and dispersal weapons.[303] The Chemical Warfare Service provided them with these tools and with the fruits of its research, hence the army and entomologists each promoted the public image of each other. The strategy succeeded with the passage of the National Defense Act in 1920, which solidified the position of the Chemical Warfare Service within the US Army.

Human progress depended, according to a typical popular article published in 1915, on mankind defeating "germ-conveying agents... whose only purpose in life seems to be to play the part of the anarchist and to reduce the living world to nullity and death.–There is a war to be waged, not between man and man, but between man on the one side and the arthropod on the other, a war to be fought to the finish to decide which of the two forms of life, this highly developed vertebrate or these malignly evolved invertebrates, is to govern our planet. Is the lord of this earth some day to be a monstrous ant or bug, a wasp or a midge, a scale insect or a tick? Or is it to be this god-like mammal that walks erect and can see the stars, can weight the suns and planets, that is already in touch with

161. End ID.

ID. Monsanto Corporation responded with a widely distributed parody entitled "The Desolate Year," which described a pesticide-free world riddled with disease and hunger.[495] "The bugs were everywhere. Unseen. Unheard. Unbelievably universal... Beneath the ground, beneath the waters, on and in limbs and twigs and stalks, under rocks, inside trees and animals and other insects–and, yes, inside man." Due to the lack of pesticides, "the garrote of Nature rampant began to tighten." The result was that "genus by genus, species by species, sub-species by innumerable sub-species, the insects emerged. Creeping and flying and crawling into the open, beginning in the southern tier of states and progressing northward." People, "infected by the first onslaught of the host mosquitoes, suffered the fiendish torture of chills and fever and the hellish pain of the world's greatest scourge." Malaria was by no means the only agent of man's suffering. "Then the really notorious villain, Ireland's awful late blight, took over, and the firm brown 'spuds' were gone, turned into black slime." A repeat of the Irish Potato Famine due to a lack of pesticides led to starving people once again reduced to eating insects. Termites felled buildings and devoured libraries. "Yellow fever hung like a spectre" over the southern United States. "Rats and mice multiplied prodigiously," a disaster that would lead to outbreaks of typhus and bubonic plague. End ID.

ID. A host of chemical companies, including Monsanto, DuPont, Dow, Shell Chemical, Goodrich-Gulf, Allied Chemical, and W. R. Grace, collaborated through trade organizations in their criticisms of the book and its author, and some, such as Velsicol and American Cyanamid, had their own representatives mount attack.[466] begin italics Silent Spring end italics threatened to undermine the prestige of these companies, carefully cultivated through advertising campaigns such as DuPont's "Better Living through Chemistry." Industry also worried that the book would lead to unwanted regulations. begin italics Chemical Engineering and News end italics quoted the director of the New Jersey Department of Agriculture: "In any large scale pest control program in this area, we are immediately confronted with the objection of a vociferous, misinformed group of nature-balancing, organic-gardening, bird-loving, unreasonable citizenry."[471] Another magazine concluded, "Her book is more poisonous that the pesticides she condemns."[471] The irony of the industry campaign was revealed by one critic of Carson, who wrote, "They scold emotion emotionally."[496] End ID.

ID. Applied entomologists were thus directly attached as ignorant and immoral. They and their allies responded in kind. One prominent entomologist wrote that "begin italics Silent Spring end italics poses leading questions, on which neither the author nor the average reader is qualified to make decisions. I regard it as science fiction, to be read in the same way that the TV show begin italics Twilight Zone end italics is to be watched."[467] An industrial trade journal commented, "For the insecticide industry, this book could turn out to be a serious and costly body blow–even though it did land below the belt."[467]

A prominent scientists, who led the Food Protection Committee of the National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council, predicted that begin italics Silent Spring end italics would appeal to "the organic gardeners, the antifluoride leaguers, the worshipers of 'natural foods,' those who cling to the philosophy of a vital principle, and pseudo-scientists and faddists."[497] He advised that, "in view of her scientific qualification in contrast to those of our distinguished scientific leaders and statesmen, this book should be ignored... It is doubtful that many readers can bear to wade through its high-pitched sequences of anxieties."[497] He warned that the attitude expressed in the book "means the end of all human progress, reversion to a passive social state devoid of technology, scientific medicine, agriculture, sanitation, or education. It means disease, epidemics, starvation, misery, and suffering incomparable and intolerable to modern man."[497] End ID.

ID. begin bold Table 17.8 end bold

Chemical Names and Characteristics of 12 Insecticides Commonly Used for the Control of Turfgrass Insect Pests

The following table has headings in italics. They are Name of insecticide, with one column for Common and another for Chemical, as well as Chemical grouping*

*C–carbamates. CH–chlorinated hydrocarbons. OP–organophosphates. M–a miticide only.

Entries:

Carbaryl; 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate; C

Carbonphenothion; S-(p-chlorophenylthiomethyl) O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate; OP

Chlordane; 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexhydro-4,7-methanoindene; CH

Diazinon; O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorodithioate; OP

Dicofol; 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2, 2,2-trichloroethanol; M

Dursban®; O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6,-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate; OP

Ethion; O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl S.S'-methylene bisphosphorodithioate; OP

Lead arsenate; Lead arsenate; –

Malathion; O,O-dimethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate; OP

Methoxychlor; 2,2,-bis (p-methanoxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichlorothane; CH

Propoxur; o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate; C

Trichlorofon; Dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate; OP. End ID.

ID. Earthworms can be objectionable on certain turfgrass areas such as greens because they leave small mounds or casting that disrupt the uniformity, appearance, and playability of the surface (Fig. 17-16). As much as 0.8 lb per sq ft of castings can be brought to the soil surface in 1 year. The castings contain a mixture of soil and decomposed organic material, are particularly high in nutrients, and have improved stability in water. The castings must be removed from the surface of the green prior to moving operations or active play. The use of insecticides may be necessary where castings are consistently formed due to earthworm activity on greens. Insecticides that are effective include chlordane and lead arsenate.

begin bold Figure 17.16 end bold. Earthworm castings deposited on the surface of a creeping bentgrass green. The photo is black and white and is of several bumps on turf seen from above. End ID.

ID. and dissipation by sunlight, precipitation, and irrigation.

begin bold Table 17-5 end bold

Chemical Names of 24 Commonly Used Turfgrass Fungicides

The following table has headings in italics. They are Name of fungicide, with one column for Common and another for Chemical, as well as Nonsystemic, N or systemic, S

Entries:

Anilazine; 2, 4-dichloro-6-o-chloro-anilino-s-triazine; N

Benomyl; Methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate; S

Cadmium compounds; Cadmium carbonate, Cadmium chloride, Cadmium sebacate, Cadmium succinate; N

Captan; N-(trichloromethylmercapto)-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide; N

Chloroneb; 1,4-dichloro-2,5,-dimethyoxybenzene; N (S)

Cycloheximide; 3-(2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-cyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-glutarimide; N (S)

Daconil 2787®; 2, 4, 5, 6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; N

Dexon; p-dimethylaminobenzene diazo sodium sulfonate; N

Difolatan®; cis-N-[(1,1,2,2,-tetrachloroethyl)thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2,-dicarboximide; N

Dinocap; Dinitro(1-methyl heptyl) phenyl crotonate; N

Folpet; N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide; N

Mancozeb; Coordination product of zinc ion and maneb; N

Maneb; Manganous ethylenebisdithiocarbamate; N

Mercury, inorganic; Mercurous chloride + mercuric chloride; N

Mercury, organic; Cyano (methylmercuril) guanidine; N (S)

PCNB; Pentachloronitrobenzene; N

PMA; (Acetato) phenylmercury; N

Sulfur; Sulfur; N

Terrazole®; 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole; S

Thiabendazole; 2-(4'-thiazolyl)-benzimidazole; S

Thiophanate; 1,2-bis (3-ethoxy-carbonyl-2-thioureido) benzene; S

Thiophanate-methyl; 1,2-bis (3-methoxycarbonyl-2-thioureido) benzene; S

Thiram; Tetramethylthiuram disulfide; N

Zineb; Zinc ethylenebisdithio-carbamate

End ID.

Following IDs are of pictures from a different book.

ID. color to the grass. Small amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) and iron are included to stimulate growth.

There are several other broad-spectrum products. Tersan OM, for example, contains 45 per cent thiram and 10 per cent chlorophenol mercury. Thimer contains 75 percent thiran and 3 per cent phenyl mercury acetate. Still another Cad-trete, is a combination of 75 per cent thiram and 8 per cent cadmium. All three appear to be "happy marriages" of two good fungicides and should prevent and control most lawn diseases. Thiuram-MM is a combination of thiram and both forms of inorganic mercury, mercurous and mercuric chlorides.

Three other all-purpose fungicides, Acti-dione RZ, Acti-dione Thiram and Seed Treater X, have already been discussed. Still another if Formula Z, advertised as a "5 in 1" product.

section heading in bold: Soil Sterilants

Soil sterilants may be used to more or less sterilize the soil prior to planting or to sterilize top-dressing before using it on new seed-

178. End ID.

ID. Text is in two columns, with first headed in bold as Type of Pest and second headed in bold as Recommended, Control/1,000 sq. ft.

The pest and recommended treatment are bolded at the beginning of each entry.

7. Billbug: Small, white, legless grub. Adults are black, 3/8" have snout or long bill. Feeds on roots of grass near soil surface and on leaves. Several species attack Bermudagrasses and Zoysias. / Spray: 8 ozs. Chlordane 75%.

8. Eriophyid Mite: Not yet definitely identified, but found attacking Bermudagrass in Arizona in 1959. Mites hide under the leaf sheaths causing considerable damage. Lawn appears tufted or rosetted in areas. / Dust: 1/2# sulfur dust.

9. Wasps and Bees: Damage lawns by digging nests or burrows in the soil and making mounds at entrance to nests. / Dust: 2 1/2# 5% DDT, or Granle: 1# 10% DDT, or Spray: 4 tablesps. 75% Chlordane

10. Crawfish (Crayfish): Objectionable because of the ugly burrows and mud chimneys it builds in wet soil. / Spray: 5 ozs. 50% DDT wettable powder in 3 gals. water (Apply 1 oz. per hole)

11. Mole: Small, furry animal, seldom troublesome to turf unless attracted by grubs and other soil insects. Their tell-tale ridges and mounds disfigure lawns and golf courses. Key to elimination is getting rid of food supply. See control for grubs. / Moles may be eliminated by means of harpoon-like or choker traps. Use according to manufacturer's instructions.

12. Pillbugs, Snails, Slugs: Not true insects, related to crustaceans. Usually found on damp ground under boards and stones. Pillbugs roll up into a tiny ball when distrubed; slugs are shell-less moving about lawn leaving mucous on plants and sidewalks. Snails are blackish and slimy wish shells and feed on tender grass plants. / Dust: 2 1/2# 6% Chlordane dust, or Spray: 2 ozs. 50% DDT wettable powder in 3 gals. water, or Bait: (May be purchased commercially)

13. Fleas, Chiggers (Red Bugs), Ticks: Tiny insects that do not harm the grass but inflict damage by iting people and transmit disease, such as tularemia and tick fever. Invade from wooded areas or spread to lawns from dogs, cats or rodens. / Dust: 3# 1.5 Diedlrin, or 1/2 or 2# Lindane 1%, or Spray: 1/2 cupful 15-18% Dieldrin, or 6 tablesps. 25% Diazinon (5% malathion dust is an excellent control for fleas).

End ID.

ID. Picture from book.

164 | begin italics Responses of Environment end italics

century (Boswell, 1952). accumulations of residues reached astounding levels in some crop soils. Levels were particularly high in soils beneath orchard trees and in soils dedicated to cotton culture. Almost all residues were confined to the top few inches, and established plants whose roots penetrated well below the cultivated layer showed little or no effects of these excessive amounts. However, vegetable crops fared poorly in soils heavily contaminated with arsenic, as did cover crops in orchards. Efforts to replace old orchard trees with young usually failed. Attempts to re-use orchard lands to produce cereal, forage, or vegetable crops proved economically disastrous over wide areas. The problem pyramided with increasing resistance of insects to arsenicals, and, particularly in apple orchards, this resulted in heavier, more frequent arsenic applications. The pattern was particularly marked in the Pacific Northwest, where some areas had accumulated amounts up to 1400 pounds of arsenic trioxide per acre. Legume crops became progressively poorer; alfalfa and beans often died on high-arsenic tracts although they thrived on immediately adjacent sites that had no spray residues. Several years of natural leaching and chemical decomposition were required before such common crops such as rye, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and peas would grow acceptably well. The steadily increasing rates of application resulted in amounts on marketed fruit that finally became inacceptable. Great Britain would not buy American apples. The hazard in arsenic accumulations ran the full gamut from soil to marketed product, and led, deplorably slowly, to major changes in the production, processing, and marketing of fruits and vegetables. Economic losses were staggering to growers farming land on which accumulations were excessive. The effects were widespread and occured over many crop types, and only after many years have the residual effects been ameliorated.

Arsenical insecticides. End ID.

ID. Illustration of the Disney Evil Queen witch dipping the red apple into the cauldron boiling over with green poison. End ID.

Last 2 IDs are pictures from the last unnamed book.

ID. Grain baits probably produce the great unintended loss of this kind. Graminivorous birds have been found dead on many occasions in areas undergoing control. In 1960, for example, 1080-treated grain bait distributed by air for forest rodents killed several species of birds, with heaviest mortality of Steller jays (E. G. Hunt, personal communication). in this instance no real searchers were made for bodies; they were found at camp grounds. Thousands of geese were killed in the Tule Lake area of northern California and Oregon by carelessly distributed grains directed at meadow mice (Mohr, 1959). Repeated losses occur among pheasants and quail under similar circumstances.

Abnormally heavy broadcasts of nonselective insecticides, such as the chlorinated hydrocarbons dieldrin, DDT, endrin, and heptachlor, are capable of killing mammals. In insect control programs these chemicals will normally be applied at rates of 0.25 to 1.5 pounds of toxicant per acre. Within this range no lasting direct effects on mammals have been noted. Where, however, the special habits of a pest insect require high insecticide doses and long residual action, mammal mortality has been common. In a campaign in Illinois against Japanese beetle, dieldrin was used as 3 pounds per acre. Ground squirrels, muskrats, rabbits, and other vertebrates were killed (Scott begin italics et al. end italics, 1959), and general declines in population numbers followed because of continuing direct loss. The program against the imported fire ant in the southern states was based initially on 2 pounds of dieldrin or heptachlor per acre (dose since lowered). Exact figures on loss are not available, but populations of some species declined markedly (e.g., racoons, rabbits). Mammal mortality was revealed in all investigations, and many specimens examined contained chemical residues in tissues. Surviving raccoons in one area studies still had residues in their tissues a year after treatment (DeWitt and George, 1960). DDT, below 4 to 5 pounds per acre, does not affect mammals directly, but indirect effects have been noted at even normal insect control levels. End ID.

ID. Direct exposure to toxic levels of chemicals is chiefly accidental. Only in rare instances is exposure intentional. A number of suicides (and a few homicides) have chosen agricultural chemicals to accomplish their ends. Some of these chemicals are eminently suitable. Parathion, for example, has been used many times for suicide in Germany. The greater number of illnesses or deaths are not intended, and arise chiefly from carelessness or ignorance.

In households, adults may unknowingly ingest contaminated food or children gain access to stored pesticides or to the empty containers in which they came. Parathion and thallium, as examples, have both caused death from their presence in flour. An entire family became ill after consuming spinach brought in a jute bag formerly containing parathion; the spinach itself had been free of insecticides. Accidental death of children has been reported many times. Particularly responsible are rodenticides and organic phosphate insecticides stored in easily opened or breakable containers. One child, for example, died after drinking from a Coca-Cola bottle in which parathion had been stored. A girl died after breaking and spilling part of the contents of a bottle of TEPP on herself. Another died after playing in a large empty container that had held parathion dust. Gross carelessness and ignorance are as much the causes as the pesticides themselves. Exposure of this character continues to occur, and can perhaps always be expected. In the United States about 150 deaths a year are attirbuted to pesticides. In one year (1956) almost half were due to the "older" pesticides, arsenic and phosphorus. In that year only 35 of the total number were linked with the newer synthetic compounds. The Public Health Service agencies and poison information centers in the United States. End ID.

In the library I have been reading lots of books about pesticides and related topics. The library's physical print collection skews toward older books, so there are lots of books over 50 years old.

I will share the findings in subsequent reblogs, but for now I'll say this: Filmmakers and novelists working in the most gory, nauseating crevices of the horror genre could never dream something more twisted, disgusting and absolutely blood-curdling as a book about Turfgrass Lawns from the 1960's.

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Natural and Geography: Mount Vesuvius - Italy:

Vesuvius or Mount Vesuvius (also known as Monte Vesuvio in Italian, ) is an Italian Somma-stratovolcano with an altitude of 1,281 meters, bordering the Bay of Naples, east of the city. It is the only volcano in continental Europe to have erupted in the last hundred years, its last eruption in 1944. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera, caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis and Stabiae, as well as several other settlements. The eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ashes and volcanic gases to a height of 33 km (21 mi), erupting molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 6×10 cubic meters (7.8×10 cu yd) per second. More than 1,000 people are thought to have died in the eruption, though the exact toll is unknown. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.

Vesuvius was a name of the volcano in frequent use by the authors of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. Its collateral forms were Vesaevus, Vesevus, Vesbius and Vesvius. Writers in ancient Greek used Οὐεσούιον or Οὐεσούιος. Many scholars since then have offered an etymology. As peoples of varying ethnicity and language occupied Campania in the Roman Iron Age, the etymology depends to a large degree on the presumption of what language was spoken there at the time. Naples was settled by Greeks, as the name Nea-polis, "New City", testifies. The Oscans, an Italic people, lived in the countryside. The Latins also competed for the occupation of Campania. Etruscan settlements were in the vicinity. Other peoples of unknown provenance are said to have been there at some time by various ancient authors.

Mount Vesuvius has erupted many times. The eruption in AD 79 was preceded by numerous others in prehistory, including at least three significantly larger ones, including the Avellino eruption around 1800 BC which engulfed several Bronze Age settlements. Since AD 79, the volcano has also erupted repeatedly, in 172, 203, 222, possibly in 303, 379, 472, 512, 536, 685, 787, around 860, around 900, 968, 991, 999, 1006, 1037, 1049, around 1073, 1139, 1150, and there may have been eruptions since then.  The volcano erupted again in 1631, six times in the 18th century , eight times in the 19th century, and in 1906, 1929 and 1944. There have been no eruptions since 1944, and none of the eruptions after AD 79 were as large or destructive as the Pompeian one.

Vesuvius has a long historic and literary tradition. It was considered a divinity of the Genius type at the time of the eruption of AD 79: it appears under the inscribed name Vesuvius as a serpent in the decorative frescos of many lararia, or household shrines, surviving from Pompeii. An inscription from Capua to IOVI VESVVIO indicates that he was worshipped as a power of Jupiter; that is, Jupiter Vesuvius.

The Romans regarded Mount Vesuvius to be devoted to Hercules. The historian Diodorus Siculus relates a tradition that Hercules, in the performance of his labors, passed through the country of nearby Cumae on his way to Sicily and found there a place called "the Phlegraean Plain" (Φλεγραῖον πεδίον, "plain of fire"), "from a hill which anciently vomited out fire ... now called Vesuvius." It was inhabited by bandits, "the sons of the Earth," who were giants. With the assistance of the gods, he pacified the region and went on. The facts behind the tradition, if any, remain unknown, as does whether Herculaneum was named after it. An epigram by the poet Martial in 88 AD suggests that both Venus, patroness of Pompeii, and Hercules were worshipped in the region devastated by the eruption of 79.

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• Bren Light Machine Gun

The Bren gun is a series of light machine guns (LMG) made by Britain in the 1930s and used in various roles until 1992. While best known for its role as the British and Commonwealth forces' primary infantry LMG in World War II.

At the close of the First World War in 1918, the British Army was equipped with two main automatic weapons; the Vickers medium machine gun (MMG) and the Lewis light machine gun (LMG). The Vickers was heavy and required a supply of water to keep it in operation, which tended to relegate it to static defence and indirect fire support. The Lewis, although lighter, was still heavy and was prone to frequent stoppages; its barrel could not be changed in the field, which meant that sustained firing resulted in overheating until it stopped altogether. In 1922, to find a replacement for the Lewis, the Small Arms Committee of the British Army ran competitive trials between the Madsen, the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), the Hotchkiss, the Beardmore Farquhar, and the Lewis itself. Although the BAR was recommended, the sheer number of Lewis guns available and the difficult financial conditions meant that nothing was done. Following numerous trials, the British Army adopted the Czechoslovak ZB vz.26 light machine gun manufactured in Brno in 1935, although a slightly modified model, the ZB vz. 27, rather than the ZB vz. 26 which had been submitted for the trials. The design was modified to British requirements under new designation ZGB 33, which was then licensed for British manufacture under the Bren name. The major changes were in the magazine and barrel and the lower pistol grip assembly which went from a swivelling grip frame pivoted on the front of the trigger guard to a sliding grip frame which included the forward tripod mount and sliding ejection port cover. The magazine was curved in order to feed the rimmed .303 SAA ("Small Arms Ammunition") cartridge, a change from the various rimless Mauser-design cartridges such as the 8mm Mauser round previously used by Czech designs. These modifications were categorised in various numbered designations, ZB vz. 27, ZB vz. 30, ZB vz. 32, and finally the ZGB 33, which was licensed for manufacture under the Bren name.

The Bren was a gas-operated weapon, which used the same .303 ammunition as the standard British bolt-action rifle, the Lee–Enfield, firing at a rate of between 480 and 540 rounds per minute (rpm), depending on the model. Propellant gases vented from a port towards the muzzle end of the barrel through a regulator with four quick-adjustment apertures of different sizes, intended to tailor the gas volume to different ambient temperatures. The vented gas drove a piston which in turn actuated the breech block. Each gun came with a spare barrel that could be quickly changed when the barrel became hot during sustained fire, though later guns featured a chrome-lined barrel, which reduced the need for a spare. The Bren was magazine-fed, which slowed its rate of fire and required more frequent reloading than British belt-fed machine guns such as the larger .303 Vickers machine gun. The slower rate of fire prevented more rapid overheating of the Bren's air-cooled barrel, and the Bren was much lighter than belt-fed machine guns, which typically had cooling jackets, often liquid filled. The magazines also prevented the ammunition from getting dirty, which was more of a problem with the Vickers with its 250-round canvas belts. The sights were offset to the left, to avoid the magazine on the top of the weapon. The position of the sights meant that the Bren could be fired only from the right shoulder.

In the British and Commonwealth armies, the Bren was generally issued on a scale of one per rifle section. An infantry battalion also had a "carrier" platoon, equipped with Universal Carriers, each of which carried a Bren gun. Parachute battalions from 1944 had an extra Bren in the AT platoon. The 66-man "Assault Troop" of British Commandos had a nominal establishment of four Bren guns. Realising the need for additional section-level firepower, the British Army endeavoured to issue the Bren in great numbers, with a stated goal of one Bren to every four private soldiers. The Bren was operated by a two-man crew, sometimes commanded by a Lance Corporal as an infantry section's "gun group", the remainder of the section forming the "rifle group". The gunner or "Number 1" carried and fired the Bren, and a loader or "Number 2" carried extra magazines, a spare barrel and a tool kit. Number 2 helped reload the gun and replace the barrel when it overheated, and spotted targets for Number 1. Generally, the Bren was fired from the prone position using the attached bipod. On occasion, a Bren gunner would use his weapon on the move supported by a sling, much like an automatic rifle, and from standing or kneeling positions. Using the sling, Australian soldiers regularly fired the Bren from the hip, for instance in the marching fire tactic, a form of suppressive fire moving forward in assault. Each British soldier's equipment normally included two magazines for his section's Bren gun. The large ammunition pouches on the 1937 Pattern Web Equipment were designed around the Bren magazine. Every soldier would be trained to fire the Bren in case of an emergency, though these soldiers did not receive a Bren proficiency badge.

The Bren had an effective range of around 600 yards (550 m) when fired from a prone position with a bipod. For a light machine gun of the interwar and early World War II era, the Bren was about average in weight. On long marches in non-operational areas it was often partially disassembled and its parts were carried by two soldiers. The top-mounted magazine vibrated and moved during fire, making the weapon more visible in combat, and many Bren gunners used paint or improvised canvas covers to disguise the prominent magazine. The 30-round magazine was in practice usually filled with 27 or 28 rounds to prevent jams and avoid wearing out the magazine spring. Care needed to be taken when loading the magazine to ensure that each round went ahead of the previous round, so that the .303 cartridge rims did not overlap the wrong way, which would cause a jam. The spent cartridge cases were ejected downwards, which was an improvement on the Lewis gun, which ejected sideways, since the glint of them flying through the air could compromise a concealed firing position. In general, the Bren was considered a reliable and effective light machine gun, though in North Africa it was reported to jam regularly unless kept very clean and free of sand or dirt. It was popular with British troops, who respected its reliability and combat effectiveness. The quality of the materials used would generally ensure minimal jamming. When the gun did jam through fouling caused by prolonged firing, the operator could adjust the four-position gas regulator to feed more gas to the piston increasing the power to operate the mechanism. The barrel needed to be unlocked and slid forward slightly to allow the regulator to be turned. It was even said that all problems with the Bren could simply be cleared by hitting the gun, turning the regulator or doing both.

Although they were generally well-liked, the high cost of £40 each gun was an issue for the British Army leadership. This became a greater issue when it was discovered that only 2,300 of the 30,000 Bren guns issued to the British Expeditionary Force came back to Britain after the defeat of France. As the result, cost savings and increased rate of production became two main goals for subsequent variant designs. The Bren Mk II design simplified production by replacing the drum rear sight with a ladder design, making the bipod legs non-adjustable, simplifying the gun butt, reducing the use of stainless steel, among other steps that reduced the cost by 20% to 25%; Mk II was approved in September 1940 and entered production in 1941. While the Bren Mk III design also aimed at reducing cost, it also had the concurrent goal of being lightened for jungle warfare; the final product weighed 19 pounds and 5 ounces (3 pounds lighter than the original Bren Mk I design); it was standardised in July 1944 and saw a production of 57,600. Among the variant designs were two speciality prototypes that never entered production: The belt-fed Taden gun for stationary defence use, and the ultra-simplified Besal gun to be produced in case a German invasion of Britain actually took place (which would hinder British production efforts). Later designs of production Bren guns featured chrome-lined barrels that offered less resistance, preventing overheating and reducing the need for quick changes of barrels. Bren guns were produced outside of Britain as well. In Canada, the John Inglis plant in Toronto began tooling its facilities for production in 1938; the first of 186,000 examples was completed in Mar 1940. Some of the Inglis-built Bren guns were chambered for the 7.92-millimeter Mauser ammunition; these were destined for export to Nationalist Chinese forces rather than for British and Commonwealth forces. In Australia, the Lithgow Small Arms Factory in New South Wales began building Bren guns in 1940; a total of 17,249 were built. In India, the factory at Ishapore began building Bren guns in 1942 (it had produced Vickers-Berthier machine guns prior to this time), and would continue producing them for decades long after the end of WW2.

The Bren was also employed in the anti-aircraft role. The tripod could be adjusted to allow high angle fire. There were also several designs of less-portable mountings, including the Gallows and Mottley mounts. A 100-round pan magazine was available for the Bren for use in the anti-aircraft role. The Bren's direct ancestor, the Czechoslovak ZB vz. 26, was also used in World War II by German and Romanian forces, including units of the Waffen SS. Many 7.92 mm ZB light machine guns were shipped to China, where they were employed first against the Japanese in World War II. The Bren was also delivered to the Soviet Union as part of the lend-lease program.

The British Army, and the armies of various countries of the Commonwealth, used the Bren in the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency, the Mau Mau Uprising and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, where it was preferred to its replacement, the belt-fed GPMG, on account of its lighter weight. In the conflict in Northern Ireland (1969–1998), a British Army squad typically carried the L4A4 version of the Bren as the squad automatic weapon in the 1970s. During the Falklands War in 1982, 40 Commando Royal Marines carried one LMG and one GPMG per section. Its final operational deployment with the British Army, on a limited scale, was in the First Gulf War in 1991. Bren guns were in service with the Rhodesian Security Forces during the Rhodesian Bush War, including a substantial number re-chambered for 7.62 mm cartridges similar to those examples in the British Army. The South African Defence Force deployed Bren guns during the South African Border War alongside the more contemporary FN MAG as late as 1978.