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thxnews · 7 months ago

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Australia's Bold Clean Energy Future

With a bold bid to harness Australia's vast mineral bounty for the clean energy age, the Albanese Government is unleashing an unprecedented $566 million investment into supercharging geoscience and exploration over the next decade. Billed as a "generational" move aimed at a "Future Made in Australia," the sweeping package will deploy the nation's top scientific minds to comprehensively map out critical mineral reserves, offshore sites ripe for renewables projects, and untapped resource wealth. "There is no nation on earth better placed than Australia to achieve our goal of moving toward a clean energy future," declared Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.

Key Points:

$566.1M over 10 years to catalyze resource exploration and mapping First-ever mapping of Australia's offshore zones for CCS, hydrogen Targeting new deposits of critical minerals vital for net-zero tech Supporting regional communities, Indigenous groups with land data Powering the Renewables Transition Body Paragraphs: The landmark funding injects turbo-charged momentum into the government's Resourcing Australia's Prosperity (RAP) initiative, which has already helped unearth major mineral and rare earth element discoveries fueling the renewables boom. Going forward, RAP will be fully funded for an unprecedented 35 years in a bid to put Australia's resources industry at the vanguard of the net-zero transition. "The road to net zero runs through Australia's resources sector," proclaimed Resources Minister Madeleine King. She touted the generational investment as drawing "the map for our resources companies to find the minerals we need to drive our economy and build the technology we need to reduce emissions." Unparalleled Geoscience Insights The geoscience overhaul will provide an unprecedented level of data granularity on Australia's resource endowment - both on land and in the nation's offshore maritime territories for the first time. This includes mapping subterranean aquifers to bolster water security and agricultural resilience.

An Economic Cornerstone

Independent analysis highlights the pivotal role cutting-edge geoscience already plays in turbo-charging the resources sector's economic impact. According to Deloitte Access Economics, existing precompetitive data from initiatives like RAP generated an estimated $76 billion in economic value and supported 80,000 jobs in 2021-22 alone. The investment aims to catalyze even more windfalls ahead. "Precompetitive geoscience is the key to the strength of Australia's resources sector," King stated. The data has spurred frenzied exploration activity nationwide, with 65 companies currently probing 569 tenements spanning over 290,000 square km. Crucially, the geoscience blitz promises to benefit more than just mining giants. Regional communities, farmers, and First Nations peoples will gain enhanced insights into managing land and water assets - arming them with rich data on potential future projects. What it Means While exact timelines are still being mapped out, the sweeping remit encapsulates a powerful statement of intent from Canberra: positioning Australia's resources sector as mission-critical to securing long-term economic prosperity in the net-zero era. As Prime Minister Albanese declared, "This investment highlights my Government's commitment to building a secure and sustainable future for all Australians." To track the rollout of the resources mapping initiative and its key discoveries, visit www.industry.gov.au/news. Sources: THX News, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese MP & The Hon Madeleine King MP - Minister for Resources and Minister for Northern Australia. Read the full article

#Albanesegovernmentinitiative #Australianmineralexploration #CleanEnergyTransition #criticalmineralsmapping #geoscienceAustraliafunding #Indigenouslanddata #net-zerotechnology #offshorerenewablesites #regionalcommunitysupport #renewableenergyresources

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the-firebird69 · 8 months ago

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This is the idiot stuff and it's the mini Max from motor Corp and they don't do any of it they don't build any of these bikes and they're seriously delinquent in paying bills and they're going to lose everything and they keep jerking people around calling them assholes and they have enough money to pay the bills and they're not paying and they're pertaining they're going down when they are going down and it's pathetic as hell it's kind of dangerous but people know about it and are trying to stop them when we can't seem to do it so some red flag and a serious one and we do have remedies for other problems but this is a big problem these guys are really stupid and still know they're kind of screwed somehow and we do know what they think but they do have a plan and others will follow it luckily. Right now we have some more news and it's new

-it's about what's going on here they're bothering him harassing him walking around saying dumb s*** screwing around with him threatening him trying to get him go back to the apartment he doesn't have anything to do and sitting on him calling him names so he decided to pull the card found out a few things they're fighting over the tunnels around Florida the bugs are building up in the aquifer they're getting sick as hell and they're not taking medicine for it and they're dying and then love don't care cuz they're so sick and we need to clear them out they are still fighting and they're not taking the small ships out and the trumps need the stuff real bad and we'll probably start it off shortly there being a really aggressive

-there's other stuff happening the group is starting to listen to people and it's not good and they're getting upset and they should be they're full of crap and they're evil but they're not slowing down. Though

-they're saying the incident was recorded this morning and people see what they're saying it's their code and it's annoying anyways girlfriend is persnickety assholes and fill the place up and it's evil and you see I'm missing messing with the bike then on camera they see him changing what he's wearing and they started to go after him

-there are more things happening some of them are not very pleasant one of them is he's getting attention and it's kind of weird stuff but it's getting negative stuff all the time that's pretty much what it is

-I have a lot of alerts here but we have news

-we do have news it's fairly good size it is about the eastern hemisphere 35% empty yes and the pseudo empire bases are being attacked around the Northern Africa area they are down to 70% operational in the northern hemisphere of Russia they are down to 65% operational and the northern Europe and far northern Europe they're down to about 60% operational and yeah Europe is falling easier and they're going to flood the place they said

-other news they're after the bunker systems here and they're planning a large attack on all the Bunches of the pseudo empire and bases and 50% of the laser bases overseas they did not attack the bases or laser bases no they did 10% of the laser bases 30% of the regular basis the regular bases are half gone and we expect the whole thing and there will be replies reprisals on individuals and groups of them

-there's more in the news the ships on for the United States are cordoned off more or less they have products and trumpsters are not allowing them through bja went out there and he said what are you doing yeah he was a dick this morning and he said okay so he went after them start to hit them and said I am so sick of you God damn assholes ruining our own stuff and he said why don't you get out of the way and they wouldn't so they started firing heavy and blew them out of the water and they're gone just like anybody else and have fun on Titan by the way so the assholes issuing threats right in front of him and he's a skinny and scrawny p**** asking for trouble and he has to turn his hearing aid up I guess and yeah right how annoying so just sitting there pussies and they're going to get hit. They look like f****** retards okay these people are f****** retards and they need to leave so Brian hit them and he blew up all their boats completely they said go to hell and it wasn't that sizeable but the ships came through and we'll probably assist but we're kind of sick of this happening everyday with this Trump a****** I'm going to start pulling them out and he'll have to and we're going to keep doing it pull him out of ships pulling out of everything taking his stuff it's a matter of fact I'm going to start taking the ship so I want this guy out he's a huge loser I'm putting a hit on him now

-those other things happening and we're going to start going after it and we're going to make it work for us we have about 50 people that don't understand anything and we're going after him but this morning is

-besides tonight's huge attack in the West they're ramping it up in the east and trying to go after the pseudo empire because they lost their fleet although bja has it and he's going after Mars and they're now fighting is increasing the pressure on them and two high degrees Trump is too but he is at the fueling stations of the pseudo empire and he lost his and he's trying to take shifts and isn't working and he is sending tons of troops right now. In the Eastern hemisphere is sending 0.03% the forest it's a massive Force

-further we are witnessing a whole bunch of wise ass comments and he's ignoring them because their weaklings and sissies and makes stupid a****** comments except for Trump was a threat and we are negating it and getting him

-the further we have some attacks going on here in the pseudo empire is planning to strike back and playing to take them down we didn't anticipate Titan to begin shortly but it seems that Trump is going to sit around and reduce his assets and manpower significantly because he thinks he can run it with AI and doesn't need anybody interfering when in fact they run other defenses but that's what he says says he can run it all with a computer and that's why he dies so we have to sit here and listen to this pots whittle himself away

Thor Freya

Olympus

Zues Hera

We can't stand him anymore he's such a puke and no the computer won't do it you don't have a mega computer they're not they didn't even attempted you stupid a****** they had Mars and you're f****** dumb

Dan

They had other Giants there yeah I don't know who they were this sucks real bad and we're wondering what the hell's going on I'll tell you what I don't know what he's saying now he's saying my stuff sucks everybody knows it I got to go up there and try and run something and won't work so what I'm going to do it this is why don't you get the f*** out of here if they're not on your side you have less stuff I said well they're beating me up and I can't get out of here cuz of them move out no I won't yes you will you have to you don't live there it's not on the contract and you're breaking the law by doing it and after time it's criminal and someone pointed it out it's called squatting well I guess they're going to go after me good lame piece of s*** I'm putting a hit on you Trump you'll sit there and dream about leaving stupid f***. Actually had enough from everyone who gives a s*** he bothered me I'm going to f*** you up until you're dead nobody does that to you stupid f*** I don't have any problems like this except from you you're the biggest f****** a****** here and you're overcoming Tommy f no he's way behind now and he was shot at me three times and didn't do anything I'm going to f*** you up you're going to be gone.. well I guess that's it says Billy Hicks

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bankabio · 1 year ago

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Terrifying Image of Groundwater Level and Demand for Clean Drinking Water

The states in the northwestern part of India are responsible for the country’s agriculture. However, with lower groundwater levels this is now becoming an issue. The situation in the southeastern part of India is no better. In fact, both of these regions are the most stressed when it comes to groundwater depletion levels.

Groundwater in India is becoming difficult to get access to. Central, south, and west India has a very low water table than the rest of the country. Eastern India however has a better water table as compared to these parts.

Issues because of low groundwater levels

Groundwater is a critical source in India. However, the current studies show that 20% of the aquifers will be in a very critical situation in the next 20 years because of low groundwater levels. This will impact agriculture, clean water access, and thus livelihood. This indeed is a major cause of concern. India uses a lot of groundwater. The country uses 230 cubic kilometers of groundwater every year. This is more than a quarter of groundwater usage globally When it comes to irrigation 65% of agriculture depends on groundwater. 85% of drinking water is also dependent on groundwater.

Groundwater is also a major buffer when the monsoon rains are low. It can thus be said that rainwater is a valuable source. However, with the rate of groundwater level deterioration caused by aquifers, the economy could be jeopardized. Climatic changes also add to water depletion.

Clean water is a major requisite

With the news of areas facing water shortage, it becomes even more important to save water. It is a challenge to provide water and to meet the population growth demands in India. The government of India has started various initiatives to preserve safe drinking water. There were sustainable measures introduced adapting to which was mandatory.

Earth has both life and water. Even though 70 percent of earth’s water is filled with water only 1% of it is accessible. All living things are dependent on clean water. Saving water and its depletion on the ground is a cause of concern these days. This is also a big challenge now to meet in order to cater to the population growth.

The United Nations has predicted that the groundwater level will be at a low level by 2025. There are some parts of the Indo-Gangetic plain that are already tipping towards the low point. The depletion will be irreversible and this could cause a shift in the ecosystem. The groundwater levels are a concern as they can cause climatic and environmental issues.

The water resource pressure will go bad with time. A decrease in groundwater will increase the cost of water. Not having access to clean water will affect the amount of safe water that families get. Access to clean water will only rise in the future, this is important for a better life quality.

India needs to work towards meeting the demands of its increasing population giving them access to clean drinking water.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene or WASH services are important for the development and growth of individuals. There’s a need for immediate action and innovative measures to salvage the issue of safe water.

Many Indian regions suffer from water scarcity. As per the assessment done by the Indian government almost 70% of fresh water is contaminated. This is the water on the surface and in the ground. Almost 68 percent of the homes and 82% of the rural homes in India do not get access to untreated water.

As per the NITI Aayog’s 2018 Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) India has over 17% of the population of the world. However, it only has 4% of the freshwater reserves. By the year 2025, the clean water demand will increase by 22%. The clean water demand in India in the year 2050 will increase by 32%.

The southern and northern regions will be the most affected. As per prediction, this will cause over 2 lakh deaths each year due to less water availability. It is thus important that a water management plan be put in place at the earliest. This will help to promote sustainable development. It will also help to address the issue of clean water scarcity in India.

Conclusion

Conservating the water bodies is an important step to take. We at Bankabio have undertaken the wastewater treatment. This is a part of our CSR initiative. We have done it by restoring the natural bodies of water. We have adopted traditional and sustainable ways to store water. Rainwater harvesting is also a good way to consider the Indian climate. The country gets 925mm of rainfall in a span of four months. We use environmentally friendly methods to protect the planet.

Source link [technewztop.org]

#sewage water treatment #sewage treatment plant #waste water treatment

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leviathan-supersystem · 2 months ago

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I gotta ask why? Is it because of the us budget part, or because you are sympathizing with their goal and if it is the latter, what do you think it is?

both to a point, as pointed out in the original post there are better ways that money could be spent. regarding "their goal", palestinians are not a monolith, and many different palestinians have differing goals, both between the varying groups like Hamas or the PFLP or Fatah, and within those groups. i am sympathetic to the goal of ending the apartheid state within israel. i don't support the more extreme goals that some small factions within the palestinian movement have, but i don't consider those outcomes particularly likely. best case scnario for the palestinians is a unified secular state with equal voting rights and an end to apartheid overseen by UN peacekeepers, and that's the outcome i support.

this is blatantly false, because if they actually wanted to genocide Gaza, they have pretty much complete control over what gets into Gaza, including food and water.

okay so just so we're clear, you're saying that israel isn't committing genocide because they've allowed food and water in? correct? and if, for example, they had blocked off water to Gaza, that would conversely indicate that they were committing genocide? correct? that's what you're claiming?

On October 9, in response to the October 7 assault by Hamas militants, Israel’s defense minister ordered a “complete siege” on the Gaza Strip, including the halting of electricity, food, water, and fuel sent to Gaza from Israel. Clean water is unavailable for most living in Gaza, and Israeli airstrikes are destroying water infrastructure and wells—in potential violation of international humanitarian law—in addition to taking thousands of lives and displacing almost two million Gazans. Even more lives are at risk as the threat of disease increases. Improving water access in Gaza is essential to preventing further loss of life and livelihoods and to rebuilding a secure and sustainable future when the present conflict ceases. A Water Crisis Worsened by War Gazans struggled to access adequate safe water even before the current crisis. About 90 percent of Gaza’s water supply comes from the Coastal Aquifer Basin, which runs along the eastern Mediterranean coast from Egypt through Gaza and into Israel. However, the water is brackish and contaminated due to seawater intrusion, overextraction, and sewage and chemical infiltration. Consequently, Gazans rely on small-scale desalination units and unregulated private water tankers, which can be costly and pose additional health risks. The remaining 10 percent of water not pumped from the Coastal Aquifer comes primarily from three Israeli pipelines and from small-scale seawater desalination plants. As a result of Israel’s siege, Gazans’ access to water from all sources, including desalination and external Israeli sources, quickly dropped by 95 percent after October 9. The United Nations estimates that the average Gazan is living on only 3 liters of water per day for all needs—well below the United Nation’s emergency standard of 15 liters. Without energy, all five of Gaza’s wastewater treatment plants and most of its 65 sewage pumping stations were forced to shut down by mid-November. Some small desalination plants in southern Gaza may be operating at a much reduced capacity, but plants in northern Gaza are not functional. As many as 70 percent of Gazans now resort to drinking salty and contaminated water straight from wells.

hmmmmm! interesting!

You know, unless the Egyptians open their border with them.

In early April, Human Rights Watch researchers went to Egypt's North Sinai region, which borders Gaza, and spoke to workers for 11 UN agencies and aid organizations sending aid into Gaza. All said that Israeli authorities continue to obstruct the entry of aid via Egypt.

Israel’s Coordinator of the Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), the military body responsible for coordinating humanitarian aid into Gaza, has complete control over what can be taken into Gaza. After being inspected in Egypt, humanitarian aid trucks must go through two Israeli-controlled inspection sites: Nitzana and Kerem Shalom. People interviewed said trucks often have to wait for days, and sometimes weeks, for inspections due to limited working hours and scanning machines, as well as additional inspection procedures added since the October 7 attacks in Israel.

did you really think that the egyptian border to gaza wasn't being closely guarded by israel? come on.

In fact, Israel did and does let through humanitarian aid and they even stopped for a while to allow vaccinations. Very weird way of going about a genocide.

as noted in the previous article, israel massively curtails humanitarian aid sent into Gaza, has only allowed minimal humanitarian aid to be sent, and has only done this after having their arm twisted by the world court, UN, or other international bodies.

more articles on israel blocking aid:

at any rate, during the Armenian genocide the humanitarian aid group Near East Relief was able to offer aid to the besieged armenian population in turkey [link] so if your claim that allowing humanitarian aid means there's no genocide occurring that would apply to the armenian genocide (which is one of the clearest examples of genocide in history) but not to israel, which has in fact been massively curtailing humanitarian aid going into Gaza.

I also might be right.

cool well come back with a source and we can finally settle this complete tangent which, if anything, actively undermines the broader argument you're trying to make.

they'll fund a genocide and let their poor regions be destroyed. don't fucking forgive them for that.

my hometown is completely gone from what pictures i can find of it, i have not heard from my family (including aunts, uncles, parents, one sibling, and a grandparent), and the infrastructure in the mountain communities is wiped out. i cannot stress how catastrophic this is, or how difficult it will be for these communities to build back. i am angry, and scared, and heartbroken by everything that's happened.

and our government is spending it's money to fund a genocide.

free palestine, and don't be complicit. realize that this is not something happening that doesn't affect you--although it shouldn't take this to care about the deaths of thousands of people anyway.

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k00281118a · 2 years ago

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About garments

GARMENT NO.1

Where did i get it? Charity shop

Where did i buy it? Oxfam in Limerick

Who it belongs to? Nobody {but technically me now}

How old is it? Unknown {but belonged to me for 2 days}

Name of label? Tezenis

About company? Tezenis is own by an Italian fashion group called Calzedonia. It is founded in Verona by Sandro Veronesi in 1986.

Where is it made? Turkey

Material content? 65% Cotton, 32% Polyester and 3% Elastane

Origin of fibers?

COTTON: 3000 years ago, cotton was being cultivated, spun, and weaved into cloth. this was in pakistan's indus river valley.

POLYESTER: Polyester plastic was discovered in a DuPont lab in the late 1930s, but scientist W. H. Caruthers set it aside to work on his newly discovered nylon. A group of British scientists applied Caruthers’ work in 1941 and created the first commercial polyester fiber in 1941 called Terylene.

ELASTANE: Elastane was first produced during world war ii because rubber-based fibers like latex were not light weight, weak, and fragile. aside from this, rubber was a crucial component in the creation of numerous pieces of equipment during the war, and its cost was unstable. j. c. shivers, a scientist at dupont, wanted to replace rubber-based fibers. he finally refined the fiber in 1959, calling it fiber k at first before dupont decided to call it "lycra." dupont began full-scale manufacture of elastane in 1962, and today they are the world leader.

Full-scale manufacturing started in 1962 by DuPont, and they are currently the world leader in elastane production.

How its produced?

COTTON: When cotton seeds are planted in the spring, the plant develops into green, bushy shrubs that are about 1 meter high.

POLYESTER: Through tiny openings known as spinnerets, PET plastic pellets are melted and extruded to create long threads that are then cooled to solidify into fibers. melt spinning is the term for this process. to produce fibers with various qualities can be changed in size and shape.

ELASTANE: The 4 processes such as melt extrusion, reaction spinning, solution dry spinning, and solution wet spinning are used to make spandex fibers. each of these processes starts with interacting monomers to create a prepolymer. the prepolymer is created, and after being subjected to a number of further reactions, it is dragged out to create the fibers.

Impact of these fibers on the environment?

Impact of cotton : Rivers, lakes, wetlands, and subterranean aquifers are contaminated by the runoff of pesticides, fertilizers, and minerals from cotton fields. these contaminants can have an immediate harmful effect on biodiversity or have an indirect effect through long-term accumulation.

Impact of Polyester: Without wastewater treatment systems, polyester manufacturing facilities run the risk of releasing potentially hazardous materials like antimony, cobalt, manganese salts, sodium bromide, and titanium dioxide into the environment. polyester does not biodegrade like natural fibers because it is an oil-based material.

Impact of Elastane: Fabrics made of elastane are typically not eco-friendly. energy-intensive, contributing to the climate disaster and polluting the environment, the production of elastane fibers from petroleum-based basic materials.

End life of product?

COTTON: One of the easiest fabrics to breakdown is cotton, especially if it's 100 percent cotton. the material should to be gone in a week to five months in the ideal compost. results may vary if combined with other fibers.

POLYESTER: The traditional fossil-based polyester fabrics' end-of-life stage is not sustainable because they are not biodegradable. traditional polyester made from fossil fuels cannot biodegrade and could take up to 300 years to do so.

ELASTANE: Traditional fossil-based elastane fabrics' end-of-life stage is not sustainable because they are not biodegradable. it might take 200 years for the material to completely disintegrate.

GARMENT NO. 2

Where did i get it? Charity shop

Where did i buy it? Oxfam in Limerick

Who it belongs to? Nobody {me}

How old is it? Unknown {belongs to me now}

Name of label? Brian Kinsel

About company? Unknown {No info online}

Where it is made? Dublin, Ireland

Material content? Cotton

Origin of fibers? COTTON: 3000 years ago, cotton was being cultivated, spun, and weaved into cloth. this was in pakistan's indus river valley.

How is it produced? Cotton seeds are planted in spring and the plant grows into green, bushy shrubs about one metre in height.

The plants briefly grow pink and cream coloured flowers that, once pollinated, drop off and are replaced with fruit, better known as cotton bolls.

Impact of theses fibers on the environment?

End life of product?

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juniperpublishers-nutrition · 2 years ago

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Physicochemical and Sensory Characterization of Pitaya (Stenocereus thurberi) Jelly

Abstract

The pitayo (Stenocereus thurberi) is an indigenous cactus from northern Mexico and the southwest region of United States which produces a small, sweet fruit known as pitaya, which is closely related to pitahaya (Hylocereus genus) or dragon fruit. In this study, pitaya fruit were processed to obtain a jelly. The fruit was harvested from wild plants of the Sonora desert to formulate four different jellies using sugar (33 % or 50 %) and pectin (0.8 % or 1.2 %), which were then sensory evaluated. The total soluble solids concentration of jellies varied from 65 % -67.5 %; the pH from 3.6 - 4.2; the water activity (aw) was measured at 0.69 - 0.77; and the reducing sugars fluctuated between 23 % - 33 %. The product composed of 49.2 % fruit, 50 % sugar and 0.8 % pectin had the lowest spreadability score, as well as the lowest viscosity value of 2.64. This food product could be profitable for local communities due to the high perishability of the pitaya fruit, which also has a very short harvest period.

Keywords: Pitaya; Jelly; Viscosity

Introduction

There is a great variety of fruit that are in high demand locally, and worldwide. These include vine, mango, tomatoes, citrus, strawberries and others, which are generally high-water demanding crops, and frequently attacked by diseases; thus, affecting their production yield or/and increasing their retail price [1-3].

Mexico within its territorial surface, has 80,000,000 ha of arid and semi-arid of regions mostly distributed in the northern, center and southwest regions of the country [4]. The main limitation for these regions to be used as farmlands is the lack of irrigation water [5]. Due to the low availability of water on the surface of the land, both annual crops and perennials are irrigated during their cultivation with water from underground sources [6,7]. Of these rains, surface runoff is mostly stored in reservoirs within the Yaqui and Sonora rivers pluvial system. For instance, Sonora, a semi-desert region of northwestern Mexico, receives approximately 80 % of its rainwater during July, August, and September, through a phenomenon known as the Mexican monsoon characterized by a dramatic increase in rainfall [8]. The pecan walnut and the vine are the main perennial crops in the region representing around 30 % of the total cultivated area, and they consume more than 50 % of the aquifers annual recharge [9].

In contrast, there are other non-conventional fruit species marginally exploited including some species that are not very demanding in terms of water requirements. Thus, being able to develop in arid and semi-arid conditions due to physiological and morphological adaptations allowing them to grow in these environments [10]. These modifications includes: stems capable of storing water; absence of leaves or modified leaves; waxy cuticles; ribs and tubers that allow the stem to expand and contract in response to changes in water availability; and roots that are generally shallow and non-succulent. These characteristics allows these plants to be very efficient in the use of water, typically, 5 to 10 times more than conventional crops [11]. Typical examples of these plant species are cacti which have had great importance in subsistence agriculture for the inhabitants of these regions. Of note, those known as garambullo from Myrtillocatus geometrizans (Martius), console, tuna or “cactus pear” (Opuntia spp.), and pitaya (Stenocereus spp.) [12]. The commercial exploitation of these fruit species in arid and semi-arid is limited. However, some cactus species such as pitaya-producing plants stand out, with potential for regional, national and international markets [13]. The fruit is usually obtained from wild plants, sold in local markets and transported to nearby cities [12]. Due to its organoleptic properties (color, flavor, and aroma), pitaya fruit is in great demand for consumption during the season as fresh fruit, frozen products, and jams. However, processing is challenging due to its low acidity and high pH [14]. These characteristics have posed problems related with the stability of pitaya pigments in the elaboration of juices and confectionery [15-8].

The current use of processed pitaya fruit in Sonora is the preparation of a homemade sweet. More recently it has been marketed as frozen products such as popsicles and ice-cream. In this region, pitaya-producing plants have not been systematically cultivated, and are only found in the wild, from which the fruits are collected to be consumed and marketed as fresh. The lack of information regarding the behavior of this fruit, as well as the lack of knowledge concerning its transformation are the main reasons why its commercialization has not been achieved. Therefore, in this work, the feasibility of making a jelly-like product based on pitaya fruit is proposed, portraying an industrialized process.

Materials and Methods

Plant Material

Pitaya fruit (Stenocereus thurberi) was harvested near Carbó Municipality (29°34’29.79”N 111°0’51.02”W), Sonora, Mexico during June, and July. Ripe and over-ripe red fruits (closed and open) were used to produce the jelly. The seeds were eliminated by porous sieves until obtaining the fruit juice.

Jelly formulation

The total soluble solids of the extracted juice were determined using a refractometer Abbe (model 10450) to calculate the weight of the final product and pectin by equation (1) and (2):

where:

F: Weight of the final product (g)

A: Weight of the fruit per load (g)

Xa: % fraction of the °Brix of the fruit.

Az: Weight of sugar per load (g)

Xf: % fraction of the desired ° Brix.

P = F ×WP (2)

where:

P: Weight of pectin (g)

F: Weight of the final product (g)

Wp: % of pectin required

The proportion of commercial sugar, pectin (150 grade, USASAG, IFT 1959) and commercial citric acid were determined according to (Table 1).

Jelly making process

Pitaya juice, to which pH and total soluble solids content (°Brix) were initially determined, was placed in a 2 L stainless steel pot. Heating, using a commercial stove (VWR, 1324, Cornelius, OR, USA) was started with continuous stirring until the product was brought to a boil (90-95 °C). From this moment, the monitoring of the concentration of total soluble solids began, sampling at intervals of 3-5 min. Once 20-24 °Brix were reached, a homogeneous hot sugar syrup was added with 50 % of the total citric acid obtaining the inversion of sucrose to prevent its crystallization during storage [19]. After the syrup was added, the boiling continued as well as controlling the total soluble solids content. The process was maintained until reaching 62 °Brix, at that time, the product was removed from the heat source. When the product cooled, total soluble solids content, and pH were determined, and the jam was packed in plastic containers with hermetic lids.

Physicochemical determinations

Direct Reducing Sugars, ° Brix and pH

Water activity

The water activity (Aw) of jellies was determined at a constant temperature using a thermo-hygrometer (Higroline HTC-2, Beckman Industrial) provided with a relative humidity sensor. The instrument was previously calibrated using the standard salts provided by the manufacturer, corresponding to three relative humidity points: 11.3 %, 52.9 %, and 90.2 %. The Aw determination was assayed by placing 3 g of each sample in the appropriate containers to reach its relative equilibrium humidity (approximately after 5 h) and then, Aw was calculated using the equation 3:

where:

Aw: Water activity

% RH: equilibrium relative humidity between food and environment

Viscosity

The viscosity of the jellies (pour in a 100 mL beaker), was determined by means of a rotational viscometer (Brookfield, LVTD). The 4 LV needle (radius 0.1588 cm; effective length 3.4 cm) was selected, based on preliminary tests, allowing the generation of viscosity readings within the range between 10 and 100 Brookfield units (BU). According to Canovas, et al. [21], the jellies of some fruits follow a non-Newtonian type flow behavior independent of time. The previous behavior was taken as a basis for the pitaya jelly. The working formula used for the development of the power law model for the rotational viscometer was the following:

where:

Ω : Rotor angular speed (Rad s-1)

M: Torque (N m)

h: Effective length of cylinder (m)

Rb = Radius of the container (m)

Rc = Radius of cylinder (m)

η : consistency coefficient (Pa s)

n: Flow behavior index

This formula corresponds to the equation of a line. Thus, to obtain each parameter of this equation, the values of Brookfield Units, as well as the speed of the rotor, underwent transformations and were adjusted by means of least squares. The flow behavior index (n) was obtained as the inverse of the slop (m) value. The ordinate to the origin was used to calculate the consistency coefficient according to the following equation:

where:

K: Consistency coefficient (Pa sn)

n: Flow behavior index

b: Intercept

h: Effective length of cylinder (m)

Rb = Radius of the container (m)

Rc = Radius of cylinder (m)

To calculate the flow behavior index (n) and the consistency coefficient (K), readings were obtained at different rotor speeds (12, 30 and 60 rpm), obtaining values of 10-100 BU, with all samples previously equilibrated at 24 °C.

Sensory evaluation

Judges

A semi-trained sensory panel of 24 judges of both sexes was gathered. The panelists ages varied from 22 to 31 years old. Before the session, an explanation regarding the mechanism for completing the questionnaire was provided.

Sensory methods

Four pitaya jellies were selected for sensory evaluation. They contained the same acid concentration (0.3 %), two different proportions of sugar (33 % and 50 %), as well as two different proportions of pectin (0.8 % and 1.2 %). Acceptability tests included attributes of color, flavor, texture (consistency) and general acceptability. A hedonic or acceptability questionnaire (very good, good, slightly good, neither good nor bad, slightly bad, bad, very bad) was developed to score samples.

Statistical analysis

Data from the sensory evaluation was examined by two-way analysis of variance for each one of the sensory attributes studied, using the information provided by the judges during the evaluation session. The two factors were, on the one hand, the experimental treatments (samples of jellies) and on the other hand, the judges. Mathematical transformations of hedonic responses to numerical scales was perform. A value of 7 was be given to the highest evaluation point up to a value of 1 to the lowest rating. The data was analyzed using the STATPACK statistical package.

Results and Discussion

Physicochemical parameters

The initial plan of the experiment was to determine the most acceptable jelly by altering the amount of fruit, sugar, pectin, and ascorbic acid. However, it was evident that the maximum acid content that the jelly could present was at 0.3 %. Higher levels of acidity in the jelly derived on lower acceptability scores. Therefore, four jellies were chosen as the most acceptable according to the previous consideration. The formulation of the selected jellies is presented in Table 2.

Quality parameters

The total soluble solid values obtained for each jelly were maintained in a range of 65 to 67.8 ° Brix, which are adequate for the gel formation (Table 2). To be optimal as a gelling agent, pectin should be in a matrix with at least 65 °Brix [22]. The pH value for each of the jellies is also presented in Table 2. It can be noted that similar to the total soluble solid content, the pH of the jellies allowed the jellification. In addition, it is important to note that a grade 150 + 5 pectin was used in this study. This is a high-grade rapid gelling citrus pectin capable to gel up to 150 parts of sugar under specific conditions. This type of pectin can perform effectively in a pH range from 3.4 to 4.2 [22]. Therefore, the prepared jellies also met this condition, since none exceeded this range (Table 3).

The nutritional composition of the pitaya fruit jellies (Table 2) was comparable to the values found in dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) reported by [23]. Where the content of pectin and sugar for at least one pair of jellies, was 33 % of sugar. Likewise, the direct reducing sugars values (32.9 % and 23.6 %) were related to those described for strawberry jam by Cano [24], and for dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus), registered by [23]. The Aw values included in Table 2 place the pitaya jelly as an intermediate moisture food, since it presented an Aw value in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 [25]. These foods must not allow microbial growth, nor the development of deteriorating reactions, and must also have adequate sensory characteristics. A comparative study carried out by Cano [24] reported values in the range of 0.9 to 0.93 for Mexican candies including jams, viznagas and jamoncillo; the jellies on the other hand had a lower Aw at 0.69 to 0.77. All bacterial growth is drastically reduced at Aw values less than 0.85, yeast growth is reduced at Aw values less than 0.78, and fungal growth is reduced in environments with less than 0.62 Aw values [26]. Thus, fungal growth can be expected if the jellies are stored at high temperatures. Therefore, a food preservative could be considered to prevent the growth of fungi. Sodium benzoate could be incorporated in the jelly at a concentration of 0.1 % and to obtain a more stable product.

Viscosity

The rotational viscometer allowed the generation of data applicable to the proposed model to establish the rheological characterization of the pitaya jellies. The values of consistency coefficients (K) and flow index behavior (n) for the jellies are shown in Table 3. The jelly I exhibited a lower consistency value compared to the other formulations, which were kept in a narrow range of 8.50-9.86 Pa s (Table 3). The decrease in the consistency coefficient was associated with a poor gelling effect of pectin in the medium. Additionally, this jelly was also classified as “very soft” by the panelists (Table 4). In the case of vegetable-origin products, such as the case of the jelly, the consistency coefficient of a suspension mainly depend on the solids content, as well as the viscosity of the suspending medium [27]. In the formulation I, the solids content was similar to other jellies, confirming that jelly consistency is related to the gelling activity of pectin. On the other hand, the lowest pH value of all formulations was observed on jelly I (3.60). Thus, it would have been expected to this formulation formed the best gel, yet it was the least firmness the gel of all. This might have been related with a deficient pectin activity in that formulation.

Formulations II, III and IV were very similar in terms of their consistency values. Even though jelly III was slightly higher at 9.87 Pa.s (Table 3), this jelly was also the one with the highest solids content. The flow behavior index values obtained (<1.0) ensured that the pitaya jelly behaves like a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid [28]. This is in agreement with other studies, including concentrated apple juice (65 °Brix, n=0.65) [21]; tomato puree (n=0.44) [29], as well as that of mustard with (n=0.33) [30]. Rao [27], have described that in suspensions of vegetable-origin, such as concentrated juices, the content of pulp is very important on flow parameters. In concentrated orange juice (65 °Brix), this author has reported consistency coefficient values of 13.92 Pa s. Also, in similar matrices, there is an important effect of the serum, or the medium in which the solids are suspended, and its consistency is determined by the sugar and the pectin content. Furthermore, these two factors have a high correlation, and even the pectin content alone is a good parameter to estimate the serum viscosity [31]. Once this value has been obtained, along with the pulp content, it is possible to predict the consistency coefficient of the complete system. The relevance of the prior is that they demonstrate that pectin plays an important role on the product viscosity. It should be highlighted that when examining non- Newtonian type fluids, the viscosity should not be evaluated with a single point, since there is no linear function between the shear rate (γ) and the consistency coefficient (η) [32]. Thus, different rotor speeds were selected, to obtain various readings and more reliable results. The obtained parameters are of practical relevance since friction factors and the Reynolds number, necessary for the design of industrial processes, can be directly estimated [33].

Sensory evaluation

The global results of the sensory analysis of the four jellies are tabulated in Table 4. The 5 attributes studied, and the means of the 24 replicates are included. Of all attributes, significant differences (p < 0.05) were only observed on spreadability from the formulation I (50 % sugar 0.8 % pectin, and 66.2 °Brix). The rest of the jellies had similar spreadability values and corresponded to a texture that was neither soft nor hard. In jellies I and II, which contained the highest proportion of sugar but different pectin content, the firmness improved when the pectin content increased, similar to that reported for dragon fruit [23]. This was reflected in the sensory evaluation of the panelists to jelly I, giving it the lowest rating for the spreadability attribute, being significantly different from jelly II which contained 1.2% pectin in its formulation. The samples were also evaluated for the attributes of aroma, flavor, color and general acceptability. The scores are shown in Table 4, where no significant differences were found among the evaluated attributes in the four samples. Nevertheless, it was observed that the formulations with the highest percentage of pectin achieved the best scores. A similar trend was observed for Dragon fruit jelly, although in his case, statistically significant differences were found in color and general acceptability [23]. On the other hand, it has been reported, that the low pectin content is insufficient to achieve a good quality prickly pear jellies, due to the use of ripe and overripe fruits [14]. This might have been the case in this study where the pectin content in pitaya fruit decreases considerably when is overripe.

Conclusion

The information provided by this study sets the tone for future research for the use of this fruit on unutilized land on arid regions. As well as the feasibility to establish micro-industries in rural areas capable to transform the pitaya fruit in food products which could increase the development of those regions.

To Know More About Nutrition and Food Science International Journal

Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/nfsij/index.php

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archatlas · 5 years ago

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Two Hundred Fifty Things an Architect Should Know

by Michael Sorkin

The Temple of Hatshepsut

8. The number of people with rent subsidies in New York City. 9. In your town (include the rich). 10. The flowering season for azaleas. 11. The insulating properties of glass. 12. The history of its production and use. 13. And of its meaning. 14. How to lay bricks. 15. What Victor Hugo really meant by ‘this will kill that.’ 16. The rate at which the seas are rising. 17. Building information modeling (BIM). 18. How to unclog a Rapidograph. 19. The Gini coefficient. 20. A comfortable tread-to-riser ratio for a six-year-old. 21. In a wheelchair. 22. The energy embodied in aluminum. 23. How to turn a corner. 24. How to design a corner. 25. How to sit in a corner. 26. How Antoni Gaudí modeled the Sagrada Família and calculated its structure. 27. The proportioning system for the Villa Rotonda. 28. The rate at which that carpet you specified off-gasses. 29. The relevant sections of the Code of Hammurabi. 30. The migratory patterns of warblers and other seasonal travellers. 31. The basics of mud construction. 32. The direction of prevailing winds. 33. Hydrology is destiny. 34. Jane Jacobs in and out. 35. Something about feng shui. 36. Something about Vastu Shilpa. 37. Elementary ergonomics. 38. The color wheel. 39. What the client wants. 40. What the client thinks it wants. 41. What the client needs. 42. What the client can afford. 43. What the planet can afford. 44. The theoretical bases for modernity and a great deal about its factions and inflections. 45. What post-Fordism means for the mode of production of building. 46. Another language. 47. What the brick really wants. 48. The difference between Winchester Cathedral and a bicycle shed. 49. What went wrong in Fatehpur Sikri. 50. What went wrong in Pruitt-Igoe. 51. What went wrong with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. 52. Where the CCTV cameras are. 53. Why Mies really left Germany. 54. How people lived in Çatal Hüyük. 55. The structural properties of tufa. 56. How to calculate the dimensions of brise-soleil. 57. The kilowatt costs of photovoltaic cells. 58. Vitruvius. 59. Walter Benjamin. 60. Marshall Berman. 61. The secrets of the success of Robert Moses. 62. How the dome on the Duomo in Florence was built.

Duomo in Florence

63. The reciprocal influences of Chinese and Japanese building. 64. The cycle of the Ise Shrine. 65. Entasis. 66. The history of Soweto. 67. What it’s like to walk down the Ramblas. 68. Back-up. 69. The proper proportions of a gin martini. 70. Shear and moment. 71. Shakespeare, et cetera. 72. How the crow flies. 73. The difference between a ghetto and a neighborhood. 74. How the pyramids were built. 75. Why. 76. The pleasures of the suburbs. 77. The horrors. 78. The quality of light passing through ice. 79. The meaninglessness of borders. 80. The reasons for their tenacity. 81. The creativity of the ecotone. 82. The need for freaks. 83. Accidents must happen. 84. It is possible to begin designing anywhere. 85. The smell of concrete after rain. 86. The angle of the sun at the equinox. 87. How to ride a bicycle. 88. The depth of the aquifer beneath you. 89. The slope of a handicapped ramp. 90. The wages of construction workers. 91. Perspective by hand. 92. Sentence structure. 93. The pleasure of a spritz at sunset at a table by the Grand Canal. 94. The thrill of the ride. 95. Where materials come from. 96. How to get lost. 97. The pattern of artificial light at night, seen from space. 98. What human differences are defensible in practice. 99. Creation is a patient search. 100. The debate between Otto Wagner and Camillo Sitte. 101. The reasons for the split between architecture and engineering. 102. Many ideas about what constitutes utopia. 103. The social and formal organization of the villages of the Dogon. 104. Brutalism, Bowellism, and the Baroque. 105. How to dérive. 106. Woodshop safety. 107. A great deal about the Gothic. 108. The architectural impact of colonialism on the cities of North Africa. 109. A distaste for imperialism. 110. The history of Beijing.

Beijing Skyline

111. Dutch domestic architecture in the 17th century. 112. Aristotle’s Politics. 113. His Poetics. 114. The basics of wattle and daub. 115. The origins of the balloon frame. 116. The rate at which copper acquires its patina. 117. The levels of particulates in the air of Tianjin. 118. The capacity of white pine trees to sequester carbon. 119. Where else to sink it. 120. The fire code. 121. The seismic code. 122. The health code. 123. The Romantics, throughout the arts and philosophy. 124. How to listen closely. 125. That there is a big danger in working in a single medium. The logjam you don’t even know you’re stuck in will be broken by a shift in representation. 126. The exquisite corpse. 127. Scissors, stone, paper. 128. Good Bordeaux. 129. Good beer. 130. How to escape a maze. 131. QWERTY. 132. Fear. 133. Finding your way around Prague, Fez, Shanghai, Johannesburg, Kyoto, Rio, Mexico, Solo, Benares, Bangkok, Leningrad, Isfahan. 134. The proper way to behave with interns. 135. Maya, Revit, Catia, whatever. 136. The history of big machines, including those that can fly. 137. How to calculate ecological footprints. 138. Three good lunch spots within walking distance. 139. The value of human life. 140. Who pays. 141. Who profits. 142. The Venturi effect. 143. How people pee. 144. What to refuse to do, even for the money. 145. The fine print in the contract. 146. A smattering of naval architecture. 147. The idea of too far. 148. The idea of too close. 149. Burial practices in a wide range of cultures. 150. The density needed to support a pharmacy. 151. The density needed to support a subway. 152. The effect of the design of your city on food miles for fresh produce. 153. Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes. 154. Capability Brown, André Le Nôtre, Frederick Law Olmsted, Muso Soseki, Ji Cheng, and Roberto Burle Marx. 155. Constructivism, in and out. 156. Sinan. 157. Squatter settlements via visits and conversations with residents. 158. The history and techniques of architectural representation across cultures. 159. Several other artistic media. 160. A bit of chemistry and physics. 161. Geodesics. 162. Geodetics. 163. Geomorphology. 164. Geography. 165. The Law of the Andes. 166. Cappadocia first-hand.

Cappadocia

167. The importance of the Amazon. 168. How to patch leaks. 169. What makes you happy. 170. The components of a comfortable environment for sleep. 171. The view from the Acropolis. 172. The way to Santa Fe. 173. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 174. Where to eat in Brooklyn. 175. Half as much as a London cabbie. 176. The Nolli Plan. 177. The Cerdà Plan. 178. The Haussmann Plan. 179. Slope analysis. 180. Darkroom procedures and Photoshop. 181. Dawn breaking after a bender. 182. Styles of genealogy and taxonomy. 183. Betty Friedan. 184. Guy Debord. 185. Ant Farm. 186. Archigram. 187. Club Med. 188. Crepuscule in Dharamshala. 189. Solid geometry. 190. Strengths of materials (if only intuitively). 191. Ha Long Bay. 192. What’s been accomplished in Medellín. 193. In Rio. 194. In Calcutta. 195. In Curitiba. 196. In Mumbai. 197. Who practices? (It is your duty to secure this space for all who want to.) 198. Why you think architecture does any good. 199. The depreciation cycle. 200. What rusts. 201. Good model-making techniques in wood and cardboard. 202. How to play a musical instrument. 203. Which way the wind blows. 204. The acoustical properties of trees and shrubs. 205. How to guard a house from floods. 206. The connection between the Suprematists and Zaha. 207. The connection between Oscar Niemeyer and Zaha. 208. Where north (or south) is. 209. How to give directions, efficiently and courteously. 210. Stadtluft macht frei. 211. Underneath the pavement the beach. 212. Underneath the beach the pavement. 213. The germ theory of disease. 214. The importance of vitamin D. 215. How close is too close. 216. The capacity of a bioswale to recharge the aquifer. 217. The draught of ferries. 218. Bicycle safety and etiquette. 219. The difference between gabions and riprap. 220. The acoustic performance of Boston Symphony Hall.

Boston Symphony Hall

221. How to open the window. 222. The diameter of the earth. 223. The number of gallons of water used in a shower. 224. The distance at which you can recognize faces. 225. How and when to bribe public officials (for the greater good). 226. Concrete finishes. 227. Brick bonds. 228. The Housing Question by Friedrich Engels. 229. The prismatic charms of Greek island towns. 230. The energy potential of the wind. 231. The cooling potential of the wind, including the use of chimneys and the stack effect. 232. Paestum. 233. Straw-bale building technology. 234. Rachel Carson. 235. Freud. 236. The excellence of Michel de Klerk. 237. Of Alvar Aalto. 238. Of Lina Bo Bardi. 239. The non-pharmacological components of a good club. 240. Mesa Verde National Park. 241. Chichen Itza. 242. Your neighbors. 243. The dimensions and proper orientation of sports fields. 244. The remediation capacity of wetlands. 245. The capacity of wetlands to attenuate storm surges. 246. How to cut a truly elegant section. 247. The depths of desire. 248. The heights of folly. 249. Low tide. 250. The Golden and other ratios.

#architecture

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opalenterprise · 3 years ago

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What Is Opal?

The supernatural magnificence of gemstones is always enchantingly welcoming you to need to jump into it more. Such is the situation with opal, and we will jump into what's really going on with it in this article. Opal is effectively the most different, remarkable, and dazzling birthstone. Dissimilar to a large number, opal comes shapeless. This suggests that it does not have a recognized glasslike structure. An opal can take on different tones and shapes, making this gemstone rather unusual.

Opal gemstone is unquestionably intriguing, and you will dive deeper into it today. Moreover, we will discuss a few intriguing realities, as well. Opal – A Deep Dive To get logical, opal is a non-glasslike type of the mineral silica and is connected with the normal translucent cousins like agate and quartz. Opal is diverse as it structures from undefined lumps of silica. Opal's hardness measures at 6.0 to 6.5 like quartz. For the most part, opal is 65 million to 145 million or more years old, and it begins in the Cretaceous stone layer that traces all the way back to when dinosaurs controlled the Earth. Intriguing, correct? It is really stunning that something from such an old time is still with us. Opal is among the small bunch of gemstones that are sedimentary in their starting point. Opal involves 6 to 10% water as a buildup of the deep rooted ocean.

Where Could Opal Found be?

It is near the Earth's surface in specific regions where authentic geothermal underground aquifers streamed openly. At the point when the minerals rose from beneath the Earth's surface, then, at that point, continuously over hundreds of years, they lined the holes in the bedrock. Practically 90% of value opals are from Southern Australia, however they are additionally from different spots like Brazil, Ethiopia, Mexico, Nevada, and Czechoslovakia. Nonetheless, it is essential that the wonderful dark opal is solely from Australia. Its Varieties

You will be astonished to be aware of the relative multitude of wondrous assortments of opal. It resembles another universe. There are colors from dark, red, white, and blue to even without colors. Its interesting trademark is that it displays all the range tones coming about because of the diffraction and obstruction of light going through it. The splendid rainbow look of opal will move and move drastically depending on which point you view it from; it will wow you. The two primary assortments of opal are normal and valuable. The previous is somewhat dull, doesn't have an extravagant worth, and is in bounty on the planet. The last option, be that as it may, is in an alternate association. The valuable opal displays the attribute known as the play-of-shading. Doesn't unreasonably solid entrancing? It sure is, and this assortment of opal is extremely uncommon. Normal opal unfortunately comes up short on the shading play characteristic.

There are more opal sorts like Fire Opal, and this goes from straightforward to clear. Then, at that point, there is Peruvian Opal, a ravishing blue, and the Girasol Opal beginning for the most part from Mexico. This shows a somewhat blue sheen and shine that loves to follow the light. The profoundly pursued dark opal is multicolor or red on dark, which is amazingly hard to track down. In this way, the gemstone is immediately cut and quickly sold any time it's found. That says a ton regarding its worth. Profoundly, and it is astoundingly great.

The Colors Mystery

Valuable opals hold two crucial tones, the foundation incited by impurities in the silica and the play of the shading. Different tones impel because of the manner in which silica shapes together. It forms from a grouping of little circles, which stick to one another. Subsequently, upon imbuement, the little holes create between them, which let the light diffract. Such diffraction prompts a greatness of different tones and shape blends.

The Opalescence

In the event that one thing about the opal is unequaled, it is the gemstone's most momentous element: its authority to refract and reflect specific shading frequencies. This quality brought forth the term opalescence to portray the peculiarity. An opal's size and formless dispersing of silica circles inside the gemstone refract specific light frequencies. Each circle refracts a segregated, genuine unearthly shading like the water drops in the rainbow. This frequency interchange of light loans opal its exceptional visual charm and delivers it among the most pined for gemstones all around the world.

The Fame of the Opal – From Royals To Literature

Opals contain the wonders of the universe, from firecrackers to shining rainbows. Similar as the sky, an opal's shadings blaze and shift with development. A few imperial families, all through history, loved opals, particularly in Africa and Europe. Famous classicist Louis Leakey who uncovered a 6,000-year-old opal in a Kenyan cavern found the most established opal. Opal was additionally unmistakable with the absolute greatest names like Cleopatra and Marc Anthony.

We can't fail to remember writing since opal made its imprint there, as well. Shakespeare partner the opal's shading play to the play of the psyche is a popular and important thing. Then, at that point, opal left the scene momentarily prior to making a rebound; Queen Victoria was answerable for this. She venerated opals and adored wearing them with her girls.

A few Fascinating Facts

We would be neglectful on the off chance that we didn't present to you a few entrancing realities about opal to make you go woah. Thus, here you go. In the Nooks and Crannies

Opal shapes after gigantic downpours hit incredibly dry ground. Then, at that point, the water, containing silica, streams into the dry Earth's breaks, so the water dissipates and leaves some silica. Therefore opals dwell in little spaces and creases in the stone and why opal has around 20% water in it.

Research center Miracle!

Opal can now be ready in a lab. This previously happened in 1974 by Pierre Gilson, and from that point forward, the innovation has improved. With the current lab, opal can be made smoother. Contemporary engineered opal has a non-directional example, which causes it to show up more real.

Opalised Fossils

Opal's development strategy regularly brings uncommon outcomes. Now and again the silica can fill in the breaks left by shells or bones covered profound under sedimentary rocks. This structures opals, which can shape like the creature covered there. It resembles getting a handle on the remaining parts of shells, snails, and plants in this perfect material.

The Most Expensive Opal

The Virgin Rainbow gets the mark of being the world's most costly opal. Its worth is more than $1,000,000, and John Dunstan found it in Australia in 2003. This opal was shaped and uncovered in the Belemnite skeleton, an old progenitor of the present cuttlefish. The Virgin Rainbow lives in the South Australian Museum.

Opal on Red Planet

We were unable to end current realities without discussing the revelation of opal on… Mars! Studies demonstrate the presence of hydrated silica deposits – the component we know as opal. This finding was among the proof that drove researchers to hypothesize the presence of water on Mars. This remaining parts the most astounding revelation to date.

Last Words

That was regarding what opal is and what fixes things such that stunning and exceptional. Unarguably, opal is among the world's generally sublime and important gemstones, and it likewise among the gemstones used since the beginning. This gemstone has experienced everything and still rules as a valuable gemstone. Ideally, you partook in this article and got the hang of something else and new with regards to opals.

#opal #opalicious #blackopal #boulderopal #australia #whiteopal #crystalopal #belemnite #opalring #gemstone #crystals #opalstone

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therealafrikantruth · 5 years ago

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A disturbing trend in the water sector is accelerating worldwide. The new “water barons” — the Wall Street banks and elitist multibillionaires — are buying up water all over the world at unprecedented pace. Familiar mega-banks and investing powerhouses such as Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan Chase, Citigroup, UBS, Deutsche Bank, Credit Suisse, Macquarie Bank, Barclays Bank, the Blackstone Group, Allianz, and HSBC Bank, among others, are consolidating their control over water. Wealthy tycoons such as T. Boone Pickens, former President George H.W. Bush and his family, Hong Kong’s Li Ka-shing, Philippines’ Manuel V. Pangilinan and other Filipino billionaires, and others are also buying thousands of acres of land with aquifers, lakes, water rights, water utilities, and shares in water engineering and technology companies all over the world. The second disturbing trend is that while the new water barons are buying up water all over the world, governments are moving fast to limit citizens’ ability to become water self-sufficient (as evidenced by the well-publicized Gary Harrington’s case in Oregon, in which the state criminalized the collection of rainwater in three ponds located on his private land, by convicting him on nine counts and sentencing him for 30 days in jail). Let’s put this criminalization in perspective: Billionaire T. Boone Pickens owned more water rights than any other individuals in America, with rights over enough of the Ogallala Aquifer to drain approximately 200,000 acre-feet (or 65 billion gallons of water) a year. But ordinary citizen Gary Harrington cannot collect rainwater runoff on 170 acres of his private land. It’s a strange New World Order in which multibillionaires and elitist banks can own aquifers and lakes, but ordinary citizens cannot even collect rainwater and snow runoff in their own backyards and private lands. “Water is the oil of the 21st century.” Andrew Liveris, CEO of DOW Chemical Company (quoted in The Economist magazine, August 21, 2008) Read more: https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-new-water-barons-wall-street-mega-banks-are-buying-up-the-worlds-water/5383274 https://www.instagram.com/p/B3SCb3fDQ61/?igshid=1nv5sst8cs9nq

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beyourselfchulanmaria · 1 year ago

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The Eye of the Earth, officially called the Izvor Cetine, or the Cetina River Spring, is a natural spring at the base of the Dinara mountain range. Similar to a sinkhole, the natural spring is fed by the same underground aquifer that feeds the nearby Cetina River, which empties into the Adriatic Sea. This splendid spring has an extraordinary shape and color and is one of the sources of the longest river in Dalmatia – the Cetina. It runs for about 65 miles before letting out into the Adriatic Sea. Its waters flow at the foot of the Dinara, the highest mountain massif in Croatia.

👁️Croatia, Eye of the World.

#the eye of the earth #croatia #👁️#travel list

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thethingssafhaslearnedsofar · 5 years ago

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TWO HUNDRED FIFTY THINGS AN ARCHITECT SHOULD KNOW

Michael Sorkin

1. The feel of cool marble under bare feet. 2. How to live in a small room with five strangers for six months. 3. With the same strangers in a lifeboat for one week. 4. The modulus of rupture. 5. The distance a shout carries in the city. 6. The distance of a whisper. 7. Everything possible about Hatshepsut’s temple (try not to see it as ‘modernist’ avant la lettre). 8. The number of people with rent subsidies in New York City. 9. In your town (include the rich). 10. The flowering season for azaleas. 11. The insulating properties of glass. 12. The history of its production and use. 13. And of its meaning. 14. How to lay bricks. 15. What Victor Hugo really meant by ‘this will kill that.’ 16. The rate at which the seas are rising. 17. Building information modeling (BIM). 18. How to unclog a Rapidograph. 19. The Gini coefficient. 20. A comfortable tread-to-riser ratio for a six-year-old. 21. In a wheelchair. 22. The energy embodied in aluminum. 23. How to turn a corner. 24. How to design a corner. 25. How to sit in a corner. 26. How Antoni Gaudí modeled the Sagrada Família and calculated its structure. 27. The proportioning system for the Villa Rotonda. 28. The rate at which that carpet you specified off-gasses. 29. The relevant sections of the Code of Hammurabi. 30. The migratory patterns of warblers and other seasonal travellers. 31. The basics of mud construction. 32. The direction of prevailing winds. 33. Hydrology is destiny. 34. Jane Jacobs in and out. 35. Something about feng shui. 36. Something about Vastu Shilpa. 37. Elementary ergonomics. 38. The color wheel. 39. What the client wants. 40. What the client thinks it wants. 41. What the client needs. 42. What the client can afford. 43. What the planet can afford. 44. The theoretical bases for modernity and a great deal about its factions and inflections. 45. What post-Fordism means for the mode of production of building. 46. Another language. 47. What the brick really wants. 48. The difference between Winchester Cathedral and a bicycle shed. 49. What went wrong in Fatehpur Sikri. 50. What went wrong in Pruitt-Igoe. 51. What went wrong with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. 52. Where the CCTV cameras are. 53. Why Mies really left Germany. 54. How people lived in Çatal Hüyük. 55. The structural properties of tufa. 56. How to calculate the dimensions of brise-soleil. 57. The kilowatt costs of photovoltaic cells. 58. Vitruvius. 59. Walter Benjamin. 60. Marshall Berman. 61. The secrets of the success of Robert Moses. 62. How the dome on the Duomo in Florence was built. 63. The reciprocal influences of Chinese and Japanese building. 64. The cycle of the Ise Shrine. 65. Entasis. 66. The history of Soweto. 67. What it’s like to walk down the Ramblas. 68. Back-up. 69. The proper proportions of a gin martini. 70. Shear and moment. 71. Shakespeare, et cetera. 72. How the crow flies. 73. The difference between a ghetto and a neighborhood. 74. How the pyramids were built. 75. Why. 76. The pleasures of the suburbs. 77. The horrors. 78. The quality of light passing through ice. 79. The meaninglessness of borders. 80. The reasons for their tenacity. 81. The creativity of the ecotone. 82. The need for freaks. 83. Accidents must happen. 84. It is possible to begin designing anywhere. 85. The smell of concrete after rain. 86. The angle of the sun at the equinox. 87. How to ride a bicycle. 88. The depth of the aquifer beneath you. 89. The slope of a handicapped ramp. 90. The wages of construction workers. 91. Perspective by hand. 92. Sentence structure. 93. The pleasure of a spritz at sunset at a table by the Grand Canal. 94. The thrill of the ride. 95. Where materials come from. 96. How to get lost. 97. The pattern of artificial light at night, seen from space. 98. What human differences are defensible in practice. 99. Creation is a patient search. 100. The debate between Otto Wagner and Camillo Sitte. 101. The reasons for the split between architecture and engineering. 102. Many ideas about what constitutes utopia. 103. The social and formal organization of the villages of the Dogon. 104. Brutalism, Bowellism, and the Baroque. 105. How to dérive. 106. Woodshop safety. 107. A great deal about the Gothic. 108. The architectural impact of colonialism on the cities of North Africa. 109. A distaste for imperialism. 110. The history of Beijing. 111. Dutch domestic architecture in the 17th century. 112. Aristotle’s Politics. 113. His Poetics. 114. The basics of wattle and daub. 115. The origins of the balloon frame. 116. The rate at which copper acquires its patina. 117. The levels of particulates in the air of Tianjin. 118. The capacity of white pine trees to sequester carbon. 119. Where else to sink it. 120. The fire code. 121. The seismic code. 122. The health code. 123. The Romantics, throughout the arts and philosophy. 124. How to listen closely. 125. That there is a big danger in working in a single medium. The logjam you don’t even know you’re stuck in will be broken by a shift in representation. 126. The exquisite corpse. 127. Scissors, stone, paper. 128. Good Bordeaux. 129. Good beer. 130. How to escape a maze. 131. QWERTY. 132. Fear. 133. Finding your way around Prague, Fez, Shanghai, Johannesburg, Kyoto, Rio, Mexico, Solo, Benares, Bangkok, Leningrad, Isfahan. 134. The proper way to behave with interns. 135. Maya, Revit, Catia, whatever. 136. The history of big machines, including those that can fly. 137. How to calculate ecological footprints. 138. Three good lunch spots within walking distance. 139. The value of human life. 140. Who pays. 141. Who profits. 142. The Venturi effect. 143. How people pee. 144. What to refuse to do, even for the money. 145. The fine print in the contract. 146. A smattering of naval architecture. 147. The idea of too far. 148. The idea of too close. 149. Burial practices in a wide range of cultures. 150. The density needed to support a pharmacy. 151. The density needed to support a subway. 152. The effect of the design of your city on food miles for fresh produce. 153. Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes. 154. Capability Brown, André Le Nôtre, Frederick Law Olmsted, Muso Soseki, Ji Cheng, and Roberto Burle Marx. 155. Constructivism, in and out. 156. Sinan. 157. Squatter settlements via visits and conversations with residents. 158. The history and techniques of architectural representation across cultures. 159. Several other artistic media. 160. A bit of chemistry and physics. 161. Geodesics. 162. Geodetics. 163. Geomorphology. 164. Geography. 165. The Law of the Andes. 166. Cappadocia first-hand. 167. The importance of the Amazon. 168. How to patch leaks. 169. What makes you happy. 170. The components of a comfortable environment for sleep. 171. The view from the Acropolis. 172. The way to Santa Fe. 173. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 174. Where to eat in Brooklyn. 175. Half as much as a London cabbie. 176. The Nolli Plan. 177. The Cerdà Plan. 178. The Haussmann Plan. 179. Slope analysis. 180. Darkroom procedures and Photoshop. 181. Dawn breaking after a bender. 182. Styles of genealogy and taxonomy. 183. Betty Friedan. 184. Guy Debord. 185. Ant Farm. 186. Archigram. 187. Club Med. 188. Crepuscule in Dharamshala. 189. Solid geometry. 190. Strengths of materials (if only intuitively). 191. Ha Long Bay. 192. What’s been accomplished in Medellín. 193. In Rio. 194. In Calcutta. 195. In Curitiba. 196. In Mumbai. 197. Who practices? (It is your duty to secure this space for all who want to.) 198. Why you think architecture does any good. 199. The depreciation cycle. 200. What rusts. 201. Good model-making techniques in wood and cardboard. 202. How to play a musical instrument. 203. Which way the wind blows. 204. The acoustical properties of trees and shrubs. 205. How to guard a house from floods. 206. The connection between the Suprematists and Zaha. 207. The connection between Oscar Niemeyer and Zaha. 208. Where north (or south) is. 209. How to give directions, efficiently and courteously. 210. Stadtluft macht frei. 211. Underneath the pavement the beach. 212. Underneath the beach the pavement. 213. The germ theory of disease. 214. The importance of vitamin D. 215. How close is too close. 216. The capacity of a bioswale to recharge the aquifer. 217. The draught of ferries. 218. Bicycle safety and etiquette. 219. The difference between gabions and riprap. 220. The acoustic performance of Boston Symphony Hall. 221. How to open the window. 222. The diameter of the earth. 223. The number of gallons of water used in a shower. 224. The distance at which you can recognize faces. 225. How and when to bribe public officials (for the greater good). 226. Concrete finishes. 227. Brick bonds. 228. The Housing Question by Friedrich Engels. 229. The prismatic charms of Greek island towns. 230. The energy potential of the wind. 231. The cooling potential of the wind, including the use of chimneys and the stack effect. 232. Paestum. 233. Straw-bale building technology. 234. Rachel Carson. 235. Freud. 236. The excellence of Michel de Klerk. 237. Of Alvar Aalto. 238. Of Lina Bo Bardi. 239. The non-pharmacological components of a good club. 240. Mesa Verde National Park. 241. Chichen Itza. 242. Your neighbors. 243. The dimensions and proper orientation of sports fields. 244. The remediation capacity of wetlands. 245. The capacity of wetlands to attenuate storm surges. 246. How to cut a truly elegant section. 247. The depths of desire. 248. The heights of folly. 249. Low tide. 250. The Golden and other ratios. https://www.readingdesign.org/

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backroombuzz · 5 years ago

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Scientists Discover Sea Of Fresh Water Under The Ocean, But The Debate On Climate Change Is Over?

For years we've been hearing "Climate Change Is Real... Man Is The Cause... DEBATE OVER!" Now They're saying "Hey Look What We Found!"

Let me say this at the start. I'm not a denier, Climate Change is real and I want to clean up the Earth as much as anyone, but do it responsibly where millions won't die and I'm not riding a horse to work. But when I see islands today that climate change scientist told me 40 years ago would be gone, then, YES, call me a denier because before we sign off on fundamentally changing our way of life. I don't want to pick up a paper and read "Hey look what we found" just miles from where morons are telling us we only have 12-years-left, and if we don't change now... WE'RE DOOMED! While the man-made climate change debate is supposedly over (as if it ever started), they just keep giving people like me ammunition to say 'Wait. What?" Despite, the fact that they claim to be "Experts" not one of their vaunted "We're Doomed" predictions has ever come true: It's been 19-years since climate scientist Dr. David Viner predicted “ Children just aren’t going to know what snow is,” It's been 49-years since Stanford’s academic Paul Ehrlich said in 1970 Between 1980 and 1989, some 4 billion people, including 65 million Americans, would perish in the “Great Die-Off.” The same Paul Ehrlich said in 1971 "By the year 2000 the United Kingdom will be simply a small group of impoverished islands, inhabited by some 70 million hungry people." Oh, and lookie here, just a few weeks ago CNN hilariously used the same Paul Ehrlich As Their Climate Change EXPERT in one of their "Climate Change Doom-n-Gloom Specials" where they spent and an hour telling us a million species will die in the next decade. Just one more from Paul Ehrlich just to prove exactly the type of "Expert" CNN used to prove how Humans suck. Ehrlich stated as fact:“By 1980, all important animal life in the sea will be extinct.” Umm, that'll be a NO! The AOC of climate change scientists. One of my favorite predictions,only because it's more recent and whenever one of their Doom-n-Gloom predications utterly falls flat on its face. Climate Change Scientists always use the excuse: "Our climate models are far better than they were back then because we know so much more, so 'NOW you can absolutely trust us because NOW we 100% know what is going to happen in the next 10, 20, 50 and 100 years.' Except... “More heat waves, no snow in the winter… Climate models… over 20 times more precise than the UN IPCC global models. In no other country do we have more precise calculations of climate consequences? They should form the basis for political planning… Temperatures in the wintertime will rise the most… there will be less cold air coming to Central Europe from the east…In the Alps winters will be 2°C warmer already between 2021 and 2050.” Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, September 2, 2008. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || ).push({}); A little over a week ago these same scientists announced

Scientists have discovered a sea of fresh water under the ocean

As told in the latest issue of the peer-reviewed journal Scientific Reports: Scientists from Columbia University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (an organization considered to be the leading expert on Climate Change) spent 10 days on a research ship towing electromagnetic sensors from New Jersey to Massachusetts. By measuring the way electromagnetic waves traveled through fresh and saline water, researchers mapped out fresh-water reservoirs for the first time. It turns out the subterranean pools stretch for at least 50 miles off the US Atlantic coast, containing vast stores of low-salinity groundwater, about twice the volume of Lake Ontario. The deposits begin about 600 ft (183 m) below the seafloor and stretch for hundreds of miles. That rivals the size of even the largest terrestrial aquifers. The size and extent of the freshwater deposits suggest they are also being fed by modern-day runoff from land—and may exist elsewhere with similar topography.

(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || ).push({}); Wait. What? NOW are saying "Look what we found!" After 50 years of climate science running amok telling us they know EVERYTHING about Climate Change and that man is evil, and their Doom-n-Gloom predictions are indisputable. NOW they're saying "Hey, Look what we found!" Since like FOREVER these same scientists have been saying "We are running out of fresh water... And it's all your fault so you better get used to drinking "AOC brand Toilet Water" But they already told us they have all the date and KNOW EXACTLY what will take place to the point where morons such as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez are proposing a "Green New Deal" bill which will absolutely 100% KILL millions of Americans. I'll assume because the 'Ends Justifies The Means,' and since the climate change, experts have ALL THE DATA everyone is just peachy with those millions of deaths, because, after all, 97% of Climate Change scientist agree billions will die because the "experts" have all the answers. All except missing the biggest freshwater aquifer on the planet! Oops! (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || ).push({}); The Gulf Stream... The Gulf Stream... My Hairs On Fire... Then we have all those scientists who claimed that man-made climate change is changing the gulf stream that runs up the east coast of the United States, causing the world to heat up, which will result in all ocean life dying. Gulf Stream current at its weakest in 1,600 years, studies show Warm current that has historically caused dramatic changes in climate is experiencing an unprecedented slowdown and may be less stable than thought - with potentially severe consequences Now, these same scientists discover a freshwater aquifer that covers hundreds of miles that's sitting right next to the very same gulf stream? I guess they will tell us putting a body of fresh water hundreds of miles long that next to the gulf stream doesn't change a thing in their 100% accurate, you can't deny it, we're doomed, climate change models? I'll give you a scenario so people will have a clearer picture of what a game changer this discovery is. Google Earth has pretty much rendered a nearly complete 3D representation of Earth based primarily on satellite imagery. If Google Earth had been saying: "We know exactly what the Earth looks like. We have exactly this much land available and in 50-years there will be no more land for man to occupy." "We're running out of the land, we must fundamentally change our way of life. We much conserve every inch of open space in order for our children to have a future" But if you happened to say "Oh, but what if in the future we discover more land?" you would be labeled a "land denier," and more than a few would suggest you be jailed for your blasphemy. Google, Twitter, and Facebook would delete your account because your a fake news "Fox News watching, Land Denier." They will scream Google Earth are the EXPERTS, and while they may have claimed in the past that "we will run out of land in 1998," they weren't wrong they just didn't have as complete a picture as they do today. Then they will pull out their soapbox and scream: NOW WE DO! IF WE DON'T CHANGE NOW! BY 2100 THERE WILL NOT BE ANY LAND LEFT. Period. End of story. Then Google Earth happens to announced today: We discovered the long lost continent of Atlantis. It was sitting right there, in plain sight, just floating in the middle of the Atlantic... Who Knew! I think many people would immediately ask "How in the hell do you miss a whole continent? And of course, they will also ask "So what else haven't you discovered, or DON'T KNOW? But today they're proposing to throw my ass in jail because I'm a supposed "Climate Change Denier" for asking "How can you be sure you have all the data?" How about we start by demanding these scientists explain how after the American taxpayer gave them BILLIONS OF DOLLARS in grant money, and they missed the biggest fresh water aquifer on the planet just miles from where they were telling us we're doomed, and millions must die to 'Save The Planet"? (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || ).push({}); Read the full article

#AtlanticOcean #ClimateChange #ClimateDenier #DoomandGloom #GreenNewDeal #GulfStream #SaveThePlanet #Seaoffreshwater

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the-firebird69 · 10 months ago

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We haven't wore up in the Northern New England states and there's five complexes all five are under siege the rest of their bunkers. 4 out of five big ones have been breached and three of them for hours the bugs have been moving North for some time now and the emptying the aquifer in Florida it's not empty but they've been leaving and the smaller the still make a little ones but those ones are not getting very big and it's because of contamination for one reason and they don't have a food supply the hormone is in the water but they are increasing in size and more or less time from it so they leave here looking for food and up north it's been a battles and wars and they're getting some meaning they're eating you and attracts them up there right now they're about to start as many down there as I were and half of them are almost dead they eat each other. And there was nuts from the poop and once a while they attack each other very harshly regardless usually a bunch of healthy ones get together and eat the little ones then you kind of get sick so we cover and so on we expect to be 15% today or lower because lots of the bugs are leaving. Other bugs don't really make it topside or just below there eradicated quickly and all over the world now they're getting rid of them constantly there are several places that have bugs like the islands and these idiots get hit all the time and they're stupid some of them are going to notice today there's a huge number of insects in Australia and we won't let her son go there because of that full of bugs the south is and the West and until you guys are gone he's not going there either but we have to have him go to Utah so we're going to have a war with you just to get you out of there cuz you're pigs.....

The insects are keeping their way up creeping their way up to Massachusetts and the northern states underwater inside the tunnels underground and they breathe water and they notice the smell so they're moving from aquifers in Massachusetts Virginia DC Pennsylvania North Carolina and South Carolina all the way down to South Carolina to the border of Georgia and at that border we see half of the insects to 65% now vacating and the ones here will move up into their aquifer and until the food supply is revealed and right now they're probably starting to empty the southern area completely and people that lost people I couldn't destroy these bugs the sun says it's not very hard you shoot a few of them and stress them fighting and they said that's great and it might be there'll be none left by the end of today. We have a few people who think that's good cuz they want to mess with water and that one is Tommy f and that'll start a big fight here he's getting ready he's getting his suits ready his guys ready to go down and try and poison the aquifer so he's going to be attacked and don't get into fights which is good. Getting the point is he's going to try Non-Stop and that makes it a war and the max until the little the pseudo empire a little and he's more like a lot all over Florida and yeah sudo empire will get into an outside Charlotte county but these guys are going to fight them. There's more happening and it's about Tommy f comp with the bugs are going up there and there's a lot of them this time around the very hungry you're going to rip the crap out of the place and once you open one bunker and one out of the five clusters per bunker system the bugs can access that whole cluster and there's five markers in each cluster and it has to be brought to the next bunker system but this five meter systems in different areas but within it you need to go from one to number two to three to four to five cluster and these guys are going to keep doing it they said and all the bugs will probably be gone and it won't be allowed in the aquifer at all and we're going to keep it clean there's a lot of other stuff happening so we're going to publish

Thor Freya

Olympus

Zues Hera

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100hands · 6 years ago

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TWO HUNDRED FIFTY THINGS AN ARCHITECT SHOULD KNOW

Michael Sorkin

Upto #53 ready reckoner here: https://adamachrati.wordpress.com/category/sorkin-250/

54. How people lived in Çatal Hüyük. 55. The structural properties of tufa. 56. How to calculate the dimensions of brise-soleil. 57. The kilowatt costs of photovoltaic cells. 58. Vitruvius. 59. Walter Benjamin. 60. Marshall Berman. 61. The secrets of the success of Robert Moses. 62. How the dome on the Duomo in Florence was built. 63. The reciprocal influences of Chinese and Japanese building. 64. The cycle of the Ise Shrine. 65. Entasis. 66. The history of Soweto. 67. What it’s like to walk down the Ramblas. 68. Back-up. 69. The proper proportions of a gin martini. 70. Shear and moment. 71. Shakespeare, et cetera. 72. How the crow flies. 73. The difference between a ghetto and a neighborhood. 74. How the pyramids were built. 75. Why. 76. The pleasures of the suburbs. 77. The horrors. 78. The quality of light passing through ice. 79. The meaninglessness of borders. 80. The reasons for their tenacity. 81. The creativity of the ecotone. 82. The need for freaks. 83. Accidents must happen. 84. It is possible to begin designing anywhere. 85. The smell of concrete after rain. 86. The angle of the sun at the equinox. 87. How to ride a bicycle. 88. The depth of the aquifer beneath you. 89. The slope of a handicapped ramp. 90. The wages of construction workers. 91. Perspective by hand. 92. Sentence structure. 93. The pleasure of a spritz at sunset at a table by the Grand Canal. 94. The thrill of the ride. 95. Where materials come from. 96. How to get lost. 97. The pattern of artificial light at night, seen from space. 98. What human differences are defensible in practice. 99. Creation is a patient search. 100. The debate between Otto Wagner and Camillo Sitte. 101. The reasons for the split between architecture and engineering. 102. Many ideas about what constitutes utopia. 103. The social and formal organization of the villages of the Dogon. 104. Brutalism, Bowellism, and the Baroque. 105. How to dérive. 106. Woodshop safety. 107. A great deal about the Gothic. 108. The architectural impact of colonialism on the cities of North Africa. 109. A distaste for imperialism. 110. The history of Beijing. 111. Dutch domestic architecture in the 17th century. 112. Aristotle’s Politics. 113. His Poetics. 114. The basics of wattle and daub. 115. The origins of the balloon frame. 116. The rate at which copper acquires its patina. 117. The levels of particulates in the air of Tianjin. 118. The capacity of white pine trees to sequester carbon. 119. Where else to sink it. 120. The fire code. 121. The seismic code. 122. The health code. 123. The Romantics, throughout the arts and philosophy. 124. How to listen closely. 125. That there is a big danger in working in a single medium. The logjam you don’t even know you’re stuck in will be broken by a shift in representation. 126. The exquisite corpse. 127. Scissors, stone, paper. 128. Good Bordeaux. 129. Good beer. 130. How to escape a maze. 131. QWERTY. 132. Fear. 133. Finding your way around Prague, Fez, Shanghai, Johannesburg, Kyoto, Rio, Mexico, Solo, Benares, Bangkok, Leningrad, Isfahan. 134. The proper way to behave with interns. 135. Maya, Revit, Catia, whatever. 136. The history of big machines, including those that can fly. 137. How to calculate ecological footprints. 138. Three good lunch spots within walking distance. 139. The value of human life. 140. Who pays. 141. Who profits. 142. The Venturi effect. 143. How people pee. 144. What to refuse to do, even for the money. 145. The fine print in the contract. 146. A smattering of naval architecture. 147. The idea of too far. 148. The idea of too close. 149. Burial practices in a wide range of cultures. 150. The density needed to support a pharmacy. 151. The density needed to support a subway. 152. The effect of the design of your city on food miles for fresh produce. 153. Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes. 154. Capability Brown, André Le Nôtre, Frederick Law Olmsted, Muso Soseki, Ji Cheng, and Roberto Burle Marx. 155. Constructivism, in and out. 156. Sinan. 157. Squatter settlements via visits and conversations with residents. 158. The history and techniques of architectural representation across cultures. 159. Several other artistic media. 160. A bit of chemistry and physics. 161. Geodesics. 162. Geodetics. 163. Geomorphology. 164. Geography. 165. The Law of the Andes. 166. Cappadocia first-hand. 167. The importance of the Amazon. 168. How to patch leaks. 169. What makes you happy. 170. The components of a comfortable environment for sleep. 171. The view from the Acropolis. 172. The way to Santa Fe. 173. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 174. Where to eat in Brooklyn. 175. Half as much as a London cabbie. 176. The Nolli Plan. 177. The Cerdà Plan. 178. The Haussmann Plan. 179. Slope analysis. 180. Darkroom procedures and Photoshop. 181. Dawn breaking after a bender. 182. Styles of genealogy and taxonomy. 183. Betty Friedan. 184. Guy Debord. 185. Ant Farm. 186. Archigram. 187. Club Med. 188. Crepuscule in Dharamshala. 189. Solid geometry. 190. Strengths of materials (if only intuitively). 191. Ha Long Bay. 192. What’s been accomplished in Medellín. 193. In Rio. 194. In Calcutta. 195. In Curitiba. 196. In Mumbai. 197. Who practices? (It is your duty to secure this space for all who want to.) 198. Why you think architecture does any good. 199. The depreciation cycle. 200. What rusts. 201. Good model-making techniques in wood and cardboard. 202. How to play a musical instrument. 203. Which way the wind blows. 204. The acoustical properties of trees and shrubs. 205. How to guard a house from floods. 206. The connection between the Suprematists and Zaha. 207. The connection between Oscar Niemeyer and Zaha. 208. Where north (or south) is. 209. How to give directions, efficiently and courteously. 210. Stadtluft macht frei. 211. Underneath the pavement the beach. 212. Underneath the beach the pavement. 213. The germ theory of disease. 214. The importance of vitamin D. 215. How close is too close. 216. The capacity of a bioswale to recharge the aquifer. 217. The draught of ferries. 218. Bicycle safety and etiquette. 219. The difference between gabions and riprap. 220. The acoustic performance of Boston Symphony Hall. 221. How to open the window. 222. The diameter of the earth. 223. The number of gallons of water used in a shower. 224. The distance at which you can recognize faces. 225. How and when to bribe public officials (for the greater good). 226. Concrete finishes. 227. Brick bonds. 228. The Housing Question by Friedrich Engels. 229. The prismatic charms of Greek island towns. 230. The energy potential of the wind. 231. The cooling potential of the wind, including the use of chimneys and the stack effect. 232. Paestum. 233. Straw-bale building technology. 234. Rachel Carson. 235. Freud. 236. The excellence of Michel de Klerk. 237. Of Alvar Aalto. 238. Of Lina Bo Bardi. 239. The non-pharmacological components of a good club. 240. Mesa Verde National Park. 241. Chichen Itza. 242. Your neighbors. 243. The dimensions and proper orientation of sports fields. 244. The remediation capacity of wetlands. 245. The capacity of wetlands to attenuate storm surges. 246. How to cut a truly elegant section. 247. The depths of desire. 248. The heights of folly. 249. Low tide. 250. The Golden and other ratios.

Published in: Michael Sorkin, What Goes Up, London: Verso, 2018.

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