#AAL2

[maximumwastelandenemy]

Taking an Inside Look at TDMoIP: A Tutorial

Service providers are presently seeking to increase their profits through low cost deployment of voice and leased line services over more efficient Ethernet and IP infrastructures. At the same time enterprises are looking for ways to take advantage of the promise of convergence by integrating their voice and data networks while preserving their investment in traditional PBX and TDM equipment. The voice-over-IP (VoIP) approach is maturing, but its deployment requires a certain level of investment in new network infrastructure and/or customer premises equipment (CPE).

TDM-over-IP (TDMoIP) is a technology that enables voice and leased-line services such as video and data to be offered inexpensively over service provider IP networks while retaining the reliability and quality of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). In this article, we'll discuss the technical challenges inherent in transporting TDM circuits over IP networks, how TDMoIP technology meets those challenges, and the standards shaping TDMoIP and related technologies.

Challenges of Transporting TDM Conventional TDM networks are highly deterministic. A source device transmits one or more octets to a destination device via a dedicated-bandwidth channel every 125 μs. The circuit delay through a TDM network is predictably low and constant throughout the life of a connection. Timing is delivered along with the data, and the permitted variability (jitter and wander) of TDM clocks is tightly defined. In addition, the infrastructure supports a rich set of user features via a vast set of signaling protocols.

Packet-switched networks (PSNs), such as IP/multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) systems, are more efficient than TDM networks due to bandwidth sharing. However, this sharing leads to PSNs being inherently non-deterministic.

Packets entering and transiting the network must compete for bandwidth and switch/router ports, leading to packet delay variation (PDV) and lost packets. A source device may inject packets into the network at regular intervals, but the network offers no guarantee that these packets will arrive at the destination edge device spaced at the same intervals, in the same order, or even that they will arrive at all.

In addition, IP networks were designed for transport of arbitrary data. Thus, TDM-related signaling is not supported.

There are two main ways that designers are trying to integrate TDM services into IP-based networks. On one hand, designers can completely replace the TDM network and end-user equipment with a new infrastructure that provides innovative mechanisms for voice transport and signaling. The other approach leaves the end-user equipment and protocols intact, tunneling TDM data through the packet network.

In the end, this second approach could provide an easier and most cost-effective migration path for carriers and equipment vendors. With that in mind, let's dive into how TDMoIP works.

Diving into TDMoIP TDMoIP emulates T1, E1, T3, E3, and N*64K links by adapting and encapsulating the TDM traffic at the network ingress. Adaptation denotes mechanisms that modify the payload to enable its proper restoration at the PSN egress. By using proper adaptation, the TDM signaling and timing can be recovered, and a certain amount of packet loss can be accommodated.

Encapsulation signifies placing the adapted payload into packets of the format required by the underlying PSN technology. TDMoIP encapsulations are presently defined for user datagram protocol (UDP)/IP, MPLS, and Layer 2 tunneling protocol (L2TP)/IP networks, and even pure Ethernet can be utilized with minimal adjustments. Let's take a closer look at adaptation and encapsulation.

How Adaptation Works TDMoIP can utilize several different adaptation techniques, depending on the TDM traffic characteristics. Whenever possible, TDMoIP draws on proven adaptation mechanisms originally developed for ATM. A side benefit of this choice of payload types is simplified interworking with circuit emulation services carried over ATM networks.

For statically allocated, constant bit-rate (CBR) TDM links, TDMoIP employs ATM adaptation layer 1 (AAL1). This mechanism, defined in ITU-T standard I.363.1 and ATM Forum specification atm-vtoa-0078, was developed for carrying CBR services over ATM.

AAL1 operates by segmenting the continuous stream of TDM data into small 48-byte cells and inserting sequencing, timing, error recovery, and synchronization information into them. For example, if the original TDM stream consisted of a DS1 with channel associated signaling (CAS), the AAL1 adaptation inserts a pointer to the beginning of the next superframe. Thus, even if cells are lost, the pointer will enable recovery from the next superframe.

TDMoIP allows concatenation of any number of AAL1 cells into a packet (note that these are AAL1 cells and not ATM cells, i.e. they do not include the five-byte “cell tax”). By allowing multiple cells per packet, TDMoIP facilitates flexible tradeoffs of buffering delay (which decreases with fewer cells per packet) for bandwidth efficiency (which increases with more cells per packet, due to the per packet overhead).

For dynamically allocated TDM links, whether the information rate varies due to activation of time slots or due to voice activity detection, TDMoIP employs ATM adaptation layer 2 (AAL2). This mechanism, defined in ITU-T standard I.366.2, was developed for carrying variable bit rate (VBR) services over ATM.

AAL2 operates by buffering each TDM time slot into short minicells, inserting the time slot identifier and length indication, sequencing, and then sending this minicell only if it carries valid information. TDMoIP concatenates the minicells from all active time slots into a single packet.

For time slots carrying high-level data link control (HDLC) data, such as data for common channel signaling (CCS), a special adaptation is provided that spots areas of non-idle data, which can then be directly encapsulated.

Encapsulating TDM Data In TDMoIP packets, payload information is immediately preceded by a control word. This 32-bit control word, shown in Figure 1 , contains the packet sequence number (needed to detect packet re-ordering and packet loss), the payload type, payload length, and alarm indications.

PCM

(1) See phase change memory. (2) See also PMC ( programmable metallization cell). (3) (Plug Compatible Manufacturer) An organization that makes a computer or electronic device that is compatible with an existing machine. (4) (Pulse Code Modulation) The primary way analog audio signals are converted into digital form by taking samples of the waveforms from 8 to 192 thousand times per second (8 to 192 kHz) and recording each sample as a digital number from 8 to 24 bits long (see sampling). PCM data are pure digital audio samples, and they are the underlying data in several music and surround sound formats (see WAV, FLAC, AIFF and surround sound). Sound Cards Support PCM For output, a sound card's audio-out port provides an analog signal to the speakers. Compressed formats such as MP3 and AAC are first converted to PCM, and the PCM data are then converted to analog (see D/A converter). Sound cards may also output PCM and other digital signals such as Dolby Digital (see S/PDIF). For input, an analog microphone is plugged into the audio-in port, and the sound card converts the analog signals to PCM. PCM Ports on A/V Equipment When ports on set-top boxes and Blu-ray/DVD players are labeled PCM or linear PCM (LPCM), they refer to uncompressed audio channels rather than encoded formats such as Dolby Digital, TrueHD, DTS and DTS-HD. PCM can be mono, stereo or have multiple channels for surround sound. See Bitstream mode and linear PCM. It Started With the Telcos PCM was introduced in the U.S. in the early 1960s when the telephone companies began converting voice to digital for transport over intercity trunks. See mu-Law.

Strong Third-Quarter Results

DXC posted earnings of 84 cents a share as revenue fell 14.5% year-on-year to $4.29 billion. Both figures beat consensus estimates. Investors who bought the stock after the report did well so far. The stock is up by around 30% in the quarter. Still, the stock is undervalued, trading at a forward price-to-earnings ratio of 9.79 times.

DXC attributed its stronger adjusted EBIT margin to cost optimization efforts. Book-to-bill of 1.13 times could rise from here. The "new DXC" is gaining momentum and brand recognition:

Source: DXC Q3 Earnings Presentation

Oftentimes, companies in a turnaround spend too much effort on cost-cutting instead of service quality. DXC focused on its customers in the quarter. This led to a stabilization in revenues, earning DXC more work from its existing customer base.

Outlook

DXC will deliver around ~$550 million in cost savings for the fiscal year. In the current period (Q4), expect margins to expand. EBIT margin of 7% posted last quarter should rise from here. Chief Financial Officer Ken Sharp pointed to the new management team led by its Chief Executive Officer, Mike Salvino, in leading DXC's transformation. The enterprise technology stack performance is at the core of DXC's turnaround:

Source: DXC Q3 Earnings Presentation

Quarterly sequential growth will reverse from negative to positive going into Q3/FY2021. DXC's customer relationship building is paying off. Instead of losing customers and watching businesses shrink, the opposite is now happening. For example, DXC's work is from 55% new work and 45% from renewals. And since the renewals are sole-sourced, profit margins improve.

Opportunity

DXC's growth will come primarily from expanding work from existing customers. Around 20% of the customer base needs to move to the cloud over the next two years. Of the 80% remaining, 60% want to see their technology stock modernized.

E1 protection switch allows the user to connect a single E1 line from the telephone company to an "active", as well as to a "standby" E1 terminal, such as data server / router etc. at the customer premises.

In the event of the failure of the data server(s) / equipment connected to the "A / active" ports, the T1 Protection (Fail-Over) Switch shall automatically switch and connect the T1 line(s) from the telephone company to the data server(s) / equipment connected to "B / standby" ports. This ensures minimum downtime -that would have otherwise occurred due to equipment failure. Enhances the efficiency of that network.

Features and Highlights

Allows the user to connect an E1 line from the Telephone Company and to switch it automatically between an "active" and a "standby" E1 terminal at the customer premises. The user programmable switching criterion may be Loss Of E1 Signal, AIS and Loss Of E1 Frame.

Can accommodate upto four E1 lines - may be used switch between "active" and "standby" E1 terminals connected to upto four (or fewer) E1 lines.

Independent switching for each of the four E1 lines.

User programmable switching criterion - independent for each E1 line.

Built-in real-time clock / real-time logging maintains a history of all events.

Remotely accessible over a TCP-IP networks. Allows the user to access and carry out maintenance, or / and switch the E1 line(s) between the "active" and "standby" E1 terminals, remotely, if required.

Allows the users to install and maintain active/standby/duplicate customer premises data networks/data servers, without bearing the recurring $$ expense of leasing additional expensive E1 lines from the telephone company.

Automatically switches the E1 line from the Telephone Company between the "active" and "standby" E1 equipment at the customer premises, according to the customer-programmed criterion.

Improves equipment and data security.

Allows the user to co-locate the "backup / standby" equipment in a different room/building and prevent any data loss arising out of conditions of natural calamity such as fire, flooding etc.

Increases the reliability of the customer's data/IT networks without having to bear the recurring and additional cost of leasing additional E1 lines from the telephone company. The equipment may be used to create secondary/backup systems at the customer premises to provide virtually uninterrupted service.

[julie83983]

shopping with charity ZEKE: Hey Mpm, Can I have "Nabba Jam" ( he was sounding it out) https://www.instagram.com/p/CEKl0y-AAl2/?igshid=hst0se1hy3by

[siva3155]

300+ TOP UBR Objective Questions and Answers

UBR Multiple Choice Questions :-

1. ________ is a virtual-circuit wide-area network that was designed in response to demands for a new type of WAN in the late 1980s and early 1990s. A) X.25 B) Frame Relay C) ATM D) none of the above Ans: B 2. Frame Relay provides ________. A) PVCs B) SVCs C) either (a) or (b) D) neither (a) nor (b) Ans:C 3. VCIs in Frame Relay are called ______. A) PVC B) SVC C) DLCIs D) none of the above Ans: C 4. In Frame Relay, when a _____ is selected, the corresponding table entry is recorded for all switches by the administrator A) PVC B) SVC C) either (a) or (b) D) neither (a) nor (b) Ans: A 5. In Frame Relay, when. ______ is selected, it requires establishing and terminating phases A) a PVC B) an SVC C) either (a) or (b) D) neither (a) nor (b) Ans: B 6. Frame Relay has _______. A) only the physical layer B) only the data link C) the physical and data link layers D) the physical, data link, and network layers Ans: C 7. At the data link layer, Frame Relay uses a protocol that supports _____control. A) flow B) error C) either (a) or (b) D) neither (a) nor (b) Ans: D 8. In Frame Relay, an address can be ________ bytes. A) only 2 B) 2 to 3 C) 2 to 4 D) none of the above Ans: C 9. In Frame Relay, the EA field defines the number of bytes; it is _____ in the last byte of the address. A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 Ans: B 10. To handle frames arriving from other protocols, Frame Relay uses a device called a _________. A) VOFR B) FRAD C) MUX D) none of the above Ans: B

UBR MCQs 11. Frame Relay networks offer an option called ______________ that sends voice through the network. A) VOFR B) FRAD C) MUX D) none of the above Ans: A 12. ________ is the cell relay protocol designed by the corresponding Forum and adopted by the ITU-T. A) X.25 B) Frame Relay C) ATM D) none of the above Ans: C 13. A _______ is defined as a small, fixed-size block of information. A) frame B) packet C) cell D) none of the above Ans: C 14. In ATM, a virtual connection is defined by _________. A) VPI B) VCI C) DLCI D) a combination of (a) and (b) Ans: D 15. The ATM standard defines ______ layers. A) two B) three C) four D) five Ans: B 16. The VPI of a UNI is _______ bits in length. A) 8 B) 12 C) 16 D) 24 Ans: A 17. The VPI of an NNI is _______ bits in length. A) 8 B) 12 C) 16 D) 24 Ans: B 18. The ATM data packet is a cell composed of ______ bytes. A) 40 B) 50 C) 52 D) 53 Ans: D 19. ______ eliminates the varying delay times associated with different-size packets. A) X.25 B) Frame Relay C) ATM D) all of the above Ans: C 20. A(n) ______ is the interface between a user and an ATM switch. A) UNI B) NNI C) NNN D) None of the above Ans: A 21. _________ is the interface between two ATM switches. A) UNI B) NNI C) NNN D) none of the above Ans: B 22. In ATM, connection between two endpoints is accomplished through _______. A) TPs B) VPs C) VCs D) all of the above Ans: D 23. In ATM, the _______layer accepts transmissions from upper-layer services and maps them into ATM cells. A) physical B) ATM C) AAL D) none of the above Ans: C 24. In ATM, the ______ layer provides routing, traffic management, switching, and multiplexing services. A) physical B) ATM C) AAL D) none of the above Ans: B 25. In ATM, the _____ layer defines the transmission medium, bit transmission, encoding, and electrical-to-optical transformation. A) physical B) ATM layer C) AAL D) none of the above Ans: A UBR Objective type Questions with Answers 26. The AAL is divided into _______ sublayers. A) two B) three C) four D) none of the above Ans: A 27. In ATM, ______ is for constant-bit-rate data. A) AAL1 B) AAL2 C) AAL3/4 D) AAL5 Ans: A 28. In ATM, _______is for short packets. A) AAL1 B) AAL2 C) AAL3/4 D) AAL5 Ans: B 29. In ATM, _____ is for conventional packet switching (virtual-circuit approach or datagram approach). A) AAL1 B) AAL2 C) AAL3/4 D) AAL5 Ans: C 30. In ATM, ______ is for packets requiring no sequencing and no error control mechanism. A) AAL1 B) AAL2 C) AAL3/4 D) AAL5 Ans: D 31. ________ technology can be adapted for use in a LAN (ATM LAN). A) X.25 B) Frame Relay C) ATM D) none of the above Ans: C 32. In a _____ ATM LAN, an ATM switch connects stations. A) pure B) legacy C) mixed architecture D) none of the above Ans: A 33. In a _______ ATM LAN, the backbone that connects traditional LANs uses ATM technology. A) pure B) legacy C) mixed architecture D) none of the above Ans: B 34. A _______ ATM LAN combines features of a pure ATM LAN and a legacy ATM LAN. A) pure B) legacy C) mixed architecture D) none of the above Ans: C 35. A _________ traffic model has a data rate that does not change. A) constant bit rate B) variable bit rate C) bursty D) none of the above Ans: A 36. In the ________ traffic model, the rate of the data flow changes in time, with the changes smooth instead of sudden and sharp. A) constant bit rate B) variable bit rate C) bursty D) none of the above Ans: B 37. In the ______ traffic model, the data rate changes suddenly in a very short time. A) constant bit rate B) variable bit rate C) bursty D) none of the above Ans: C 38. In ATM, the _________ class is designed for customers who need real-time audio or video services. The service is similar to that provided by a dedicated line such as a T line. A) CBR B) VBR C) ABR D) UBR Ans: A 39. In ATM, the _________ class is divided into two subclasses: real-time (VBR-RT) and non-real-time (VBR-NRT). VBR-RT is designed for those users who need real-time services (such as voice and video transmission) and use compression techniques to create a variable bit rate. VBR-NRT is designed for those users who do not need real-time services but use compression techniques to create a variable bit rate. A) CBR B) VBR C) ABR D) UBR Ans: B 40. In ATM, the _________ class delivers cells at a minimum rate. If more network capacity is available, this minimum rate can be exceeded. A) CBR B) VBR C) ABR D) UBR Ans: C 41. In ATM, the _________ class is a best-effort delivery service that does not guarantee anything. A) CBR B) VBR C) ABR D) UBR Ans: D 42. Which AAL type is designed to support a data stream that has a constant bit rate? A) AAL1 B) AAL2 C) AAL3/4 D) AAL5 Ans: A 43. The _______ bit rate service class is similar to the service provided by a T-line. A. constant B. variable C. available D. unspecified Ans: A 44. The variable bit rate service class uses _______ techniques to create a variable bit rate. A. encapsulation B. encryption C. switching D. compression Ans: D 45. The _______ bit rate service class delivers cells at a minimum rate that can be exceeded when the network is not running at full capacity. A. constant B. variable C. available D. unspecified Ans: C 46. The _______ bit rate service class is a best-effort delivery service with no guarantees. A. constant B. variable C. available D. unspecified Ans: D UBR Questions and Answers pdf Download Read the full article

[network-protocols-en-blog]

ATM adaptation layer

The use of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology and services creates the need for an adaptation layer in order to support information transfer protocols, which are not based on ATM. This adaptation layer defines how to segment and reassemble higher-layer packets into ATM cells, and how to handle various transmission aspects in the ATM layer. Examples of services that need adaptations are Gigabit Ethernet, IP, Frame Relay, SONET/SDH, UMTS/Wireless, etc. only optical fibers can be used. The main services provided by AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) are: Segmentation and reassembly Handling of transmission errors Handling of lost and misinserted cell conditions Timing and flow control The following ATM Adaptation Layer protocols (AALs) have been defined by the ITU-T. It is meant that these AALs will meet a variety of needs. The classification is based on whether a timing relationship must be maintained between source and destination, whether the application requires a constant bit rate, and whether the transfer is connection oriented or connectionless. AAL Type 0 (also referred as raw cells) consists of 48 bytes of payload without any reservation for special fields. AAL Type 1 supports constant bit rate (CBR), synchronous, connection oriented traffic. Examples include T1 (DS1), E1, and x64 kbit/s emulation. AAL Type 2 supports time-dependent Variable Bit Rate (VBR-RT) of connection-oriented, synchronous traffic. Examples include Voice over ATM. AAL2 is also widely used in wireless applications due to the capability of multiplexing voice packets from different users on a single ATM connection. AAL Type 3/4 supports VBR, data traffic, connection-oriented, asynchronous traffic (e.g. X.25 data) or connectionless packet data (e.g. SMDS traffic) with an additional 4-byte header in the information payload of the cell. Examples include Frame Relay and X.25. AAL Type 5 is similar to AAL 3/4 with a simplified information header scheme. This AAL assumes that the data is sequential from the end user and uses the Payload Type Indicator (PTI) bit to indicate the last cell in a transmission. Examples of services that use AAL 5 are classic IP over ATM, Ethernet Over ATM, SMDS, and LAN Emulation (LANE). AAL 5 is a widely used ATM adaptation layer protocol. This protocol was intended to provide a streamlined transport facility for higher-layer protocols that are connection oriented. AAL 5 was introduced to: reduce protocol processing overhead. reduce transmission overhead. ensure adaptability to existing transport protocols. The AAL 5 was designed to accommodate the same variable bit rate, connection-oriented asynchronous traffic or connectionless packet data supported by AAL 3/4, but without the segment tracking and error correction requirements. More details Android, Windows

[lyncnews]

For a while now I’ve seen a randomly occurring call issues with clients using VVX phones.  There would sometimes be one way audio, or mostly no audio at all, but the call was connected.  Mainly with Response Group calls, but more recently I’ve encountered it on VVX to VVX Skype calls.

Fortunately it was so very similar to an issue I hit with Telus Cell phones making calls to Skype4b users who were behind and AudioCodes gateway and a Telus SIP trunks, which boiled down to a codec mismatch involving AMR.  Once the AudioCodes was locked down to only negotiate G.711Mu, problem solved. (I might have blogged about this already…)

Here is a screenshot from my VVX 600, with the default list of codec’s, though not in the default order:

Here is the RTP (Realtime Transport Protocol) mapping from a SIP trace, in bold are matching codec’s:

a=rtpmap:115 G7221/32000 a=fmtp:115 bitrate=48000 a=rtpmap:112 G7221/16000 a=fmtp:112 bitrate=24000 a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000 a=fmtp:18 annexb=no a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:9 G722/8000

And now one from a Skype for Business server for an inbound PSTN call to the same VVX phone:

a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:115 x-msrta/8000 a=fmtp:115 bitrate=11800 a=rtpmap:13 CN/8000 a=rtpmap:118 CN/16000 a=rtpmap:97 RED/8000

Oh, wait, 115 is a matching code, but the codec is all wrong.  This turns out to be G722.1C (48 kbps) from the VVX list.  According to Polycom forums which reference a page not found anymore, this codec is or is related to Siren14, and definitely not msrta/8000 aka Microsoft Realtime Audio Narrow band.

I did blog about this previously, Response Groups and Polycom VVX’s , but I hadn’t the time to dig in and confirm the offending codec, and I believe I now have.  I was also 3/4 the way through writing this when I realized I’ve already brought this subject to light.

Now from VVX600 to Skype for Business User, again bold are matching codecs:

a=rtpmap:115 G7221/32000 a=fmtp:115 bitrate=48000 a=rtpmap:112 G7221/16000 a=fmtp:112 bitrate=24000 a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000 a=fmtp:18 annexb=no a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:9 G722/8000

From Skype for Business User to VVX 600

a=rtpmap:104 SILK/16000 a=fmtp:104 useinbandfec=1; usedtx=0 a=rtpmap:114 x-msrta/16000 a=fmtp:114 bitrate=29000 a=rtpmap:9 G722/8000 a=rtpmap:112 G7221/16000 a=fmtp:112 bitrate=24000 a=rtpmap:111 SIREN/16000 a=fmtp:111 bitrate=16000 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:103 SILK/8000 a=fmtp:103 useinbandfec=1; usedtx=0 a=rtpmap:116 AAL2-G726-32/8000 a=rtpmap:115 x-msrta/8000 a=fmtp:115 bitrate=11800 a=rtpmap:97 RED/8000 a=rtpmap:13 CN/8000 a=rtpmap:118 CN/16000 a=rtpmap:119 CN/24000

In this call, and because of my horrible ordering, I wanted to see if G7221/16000 was actually a viable codec.  Turns out it is, and according to a Jeff Schertz blog post, it’s a Siren 7 variant and nothing to do with G722.

I wasn’t able to test a VVX to VVX Skype call, but I suspect what may be happening in that situation is that the VVX’s are thinking 115 G7221/32000 but the Frontend translates and negotiates 115 x-msrta/8000, but that’s just a theory.

Resolution Time

Clean up time, and I have previously talked about this, but now I have a little bit more backing, and new case scenarios of when it’s impactful.

Siren22, G.722.1C, Siren14 and G.729AB can all be removed.  They’re not going to be used in a Lync/Skype environment, and because of potential cross matching on rtpmap=115 (I don’t know if it’s MS or Polycom issue), G.722.1c has to go.

Order Preference, G.722, G.711Mu (or A depending on your region) and optionally keep G.722.1 (24 kbps).  In the environments where I’ve cleared up the issues, I did remove G.722.1, but it wasn’t till today that I discovered it was actually a viable codec, doesn’t mean I trust it though.

If you happen to have a VVX 600, toast the Video Codecs as well, the camera that came with the phone last worked in a Lync 2010 environment.

If you have a Provisioning server, here is a code snippet to clean up your codec’s:

<WEB video.codecPref.H261=”0″ video.codecPref.H263=”0″ video.codecPref.H2631998=”0″ video.codecPref.H264=”0″ voice.codecPref.G711_A=”3″ voice.codecPref.G711_Mu=”2″ voice.codecPref.G722=”1″ voice.codecPref.G7221.24kbps=”4″ voice.codecPref.G7221_C.48kbps=”0″ voice.codecPref.Siren14.48kbps=”0″ voice.codecPref.Siren22.64kbps=”0″ voice.codecPref.G729_AB=”0″ />

If you still have troubles with VVX to VVX Skype calls, change the 4 to a 0 and get rid of it too.

[kyrun49]

Finished that #Deadpool sketch cover. If interested come to @stocktoncon today! I'll be at table #AAL2. (at Stockton Arena)

[ledenews]

NAL Releases Wheeling Miners’ 2025 Schedule

The 2024 AAL2 Champions embark into new territory as the National Arena League announced its regular season schedule. This will be the Miners first season the NAL with games kicking off this spring. The unbeaten Miners are ready for the challenge and have unleashed their regular season schedule for fans & partners to prepare for another incredible season of Wheeling Miners football.  2025 Wheeling Miners Schedule 3/10 - vs. Harrisburg Stampede 3/22 - @ Shreveport Rouxgaroux 4/5 -   @ Harrisburg Stampede 4/19 - vs. Carolina Cobras 4/26 - @ Sioux City Bandits 5/4 - @ Carolina Cobras  5/10 - vs. Beaumont Renegades 5/17 - vs. Sioux City Bandits  5/24 - vs. Idaho Horsemen 5/31 - @ Columbus Lions All home games will be played at the WesBanco Arena in downtown Wheeling, WV. For more information visit gowvminers.com and click on the schedule tab. For tickets visit: gowvminers.com/tickets.  Read the full article

[ledenews]

He Talked It. He Walked It. And the Wheeling Miners Claimed the Title.

Josh Resignalo is a man about the basics when it comes to the game of football. For example, he believes like most that a team must run the ball to be able to throw the ball and vice versa. Now, when it comes to the indoor game, the version waged seven on seven in arenas across America, there are a few more tricks to the trade he’s learned during his 17 seasons in the industry. And Resignalo, known to most as “Coach Res,’ mastered those unmentionable secrets as well during the Wheeling Miners’ undefeated championship season in the American Arena League 2. But, folks, he won’t tell you that. Instead, you have to hear from his players, his assistant coaches, his owners, and from his long-time friend from California who migrated to West Virginia several years ago. The Miners finished their 10-0 season with a 61-14 victory over Peach State this past Saturday evening at Wesbanco Arena, and while quarterback Grant Russell was awarded the Championship Bowl MVP, it was Resignalo and his preparation that made all the difference. Resignalo predicted the Miners would win the title, but he didn't know the team would be undefeated. “Peach State had some talented players, and they were a very good team,” said Wheeling resident Matt Porter, an assistant coach and assistant general manager. “I know the AAL2 was a development league, but they had some dudes out there who could play really play the game. They had some bigger guys, too, who could really move and that’s important in the arena game. “But the final game came down to coaching. We had players and they had players, but it was ‘Coach Res’ who made the difference because our coaching was better, pure and simple,” he said. “He works. He studies film. He’s old school so nothing surprises him. Our success wasn’t accidental and he’s the reason why. He said we would win the championship from the very beginning.” Wesbanco Arena has been home to arena football before, including the Ohio Valley Smash, the Greyhounds, and the Roughriders, so Resignalo knew quality standards would be in place when he arrived to the Friendly City. Didn’t matter. ‘Coach Res’ still called it. His team members included "Coach Res" in the postgame celebration following the big win over Peach State. “You know, it became cultural across the board, and it definitely started at the top with him. He was the one with all the confidence right from the start. I remember himself at a tryout last year that he was building a team to win the championship,” Porter said. “There was confidence, and ‘Coach Res’ made that connection with the players, and with our front office staff. “It was a culture that included our ownership, too, and that let everyone know that we were all headed in the same direction. There was no question about it,” he explained. “We did our best as an organization to be a part of the community, too, but we knew we were going to have to prove ourselves before people are going to accept us. I think we did that, too.” Fans are fickle, though, and a cool team logo, loud music, a dance team, a drumline, and a great hype guy like “DJ Daner” Malatinski often isn’t enough to sell tickets let alone team apparel. But that in-game atmosphere and winning? “We knew going in that we had something to live up to because of the success of the previous arena football teams that’s played here in Wheeling, and we were ready for that,” Porter said. “We did see an increase in attendance over the course of the season because we were successful, but for the championship, we saw a lot of people in those seats at the arena. And we sold a ton of merchandise during that championship game, so we’re hopefully getting there with the arena football fans in the area. Resignalo and Porter were high school teammates in California before they reunited here in Wheeling. “Sports fans in this area have been blessed to have the Nailers for so many great years, and their fans are very, very loyal and it’s an awesome thing to see. People wear their Nailers gear all year long, and that’s how you know,” he said. “That’s where we hope to get because that’s what it’s all about.”   The offseason, Porter explained, will be spent preparing to move to a much more competitive circuit, the National Arena League and that means recruiting, fine-tuning, and growing as a professional organization. “It was a process as far as the in-game entertainment, but thanks to ‘Coach Res’ brought it all together. He talks about building the organization, and he knows now he’ll have to add people because of the move to the NAL,” Porter reported. “We’ll need to expand every department, and there will be growing pains, but we have the leadership and that’s most of the battle. “The on-field talent is something we’ll be working on every day because you never know when you’ll have the opportunity to see a special player. I know we’re talking to some of the players from Georgia,” he added. “Our league this year did have some competitive teams in it, but the Miners were very talented and we hope to bring back a lot of our players so we can continue to be successful for the city of Wheeling and our fans.” Read the full article

[ledenews]

He Talked It. He Walked It. And the Wheeling Miners Claimed the Title.

Josh Resignalo is a man about the basics when it comes to the game of football. For example, he believes like most that a team must run the ball to be able to throw the ball and vice versa. Now, when it comes to the indoor game, the version waged seven on seven in arenas across America, there are a few more tricks to the trade he’s learned during his 17 seasons in the industry. And Resignalo, known to most as “Coach Res,’ mastered those unmentionable secrets as well during the Wheeling Miners’ undefeated championship season in the American Arena League 2. But, folks, he won’t tell you that. Instead, you have to hear from his players, his assistant coaches, his owners, and from his long-time friend from California who migrated to West Virginia several years ago. The Miners finished their 10-0 season with a 61-14 victory over Peach State this past Saturday evening at Wesbanco Arena, and while quarterback Grant Russell was awarded the Championship Bowl MVP, it was Resignalo and his preparation that made all the difference. Resignalo predicted the Miners would win the title, but he didn't know the team would be undefeated. “Peach State had some talented players, and they were a very good team,” said Wheeling resident Matt Porter, an assistant coach and assistant general manager. “I know the AAL2 was a development league, but they had some dudes out there who could play really play the game. They had some bigger guys, too, who could really move and that’s important in the arena game. “But the final game came down to coaching. We had players and they had players, but it was ‘Coach Res’ who made the difference because our coaching was better, pure and simple,” he said. “He works. He studies film. He’s old school so nothing surprises him. Our success wasn’t accidental and he’s the reason why. He said we would win the championship from the very beginning.” Wesbanco Arena has been home to arena football before, including the Ohio Valley Smash, the Greyhounds, and the Roughriders, so Resignalo knew quality standards would be in place when he arrived to the Friendly City. Didn’t matter. ‘Coach Res’ still called it. His team members included "Coach Res" in the postgame celebration following the big win over Peach State. “You know, it became cultural across the board, and it definitely started at the top with him. He was the one with all the confidence right from the start. I remember himself at a tryout last year that he was building a team to win the championship,” Porter said. “There was confidence, and ‘Coach Res’ made that connection with the players, and with our front office staff. “It was a culture that included our ownership, too, and that let everyone know that we were all headed in the same direction. There was no question about it,” he explained. “We did our best as an organization to be a part of the community, too, but we knew we were going to have to prove ourselves before people are going to accept us. I think we did that, too.” Fans are fickle, though, and a cool team logo, loud music, a dance team, a drumline, and a great hype guy like “DJ Daner” Malatinski often isn’t enough to sell tickets let alone team apparel. But that in-game atmosphere and winning? “We knew going in that we had something to live up to because of the success of the previous arena football teams that’s played here in Wheeling, and we were ready for that,” Porter said. “We did see an increase in attendance over the course of the season because we were successful, but for the championship, we saw a lot of people in those seats at the arena. And we sold a ton of merchandise during that championship game, so we’re hopefully getting there with the arena football fans in the area. Resignalo and Porter were high school teammates in California before they reunited here in Wheeling. “Sports fans in this area have been blessed to have the Nailers for so many great years, and their fans are very, very loyal and it’s an awesome thing to see. People wear their Nailers gear all year long, and that’s how you know,” he said. “That’s where we hope to get because that’s what it’s all about.”   The offseason, Porter explained, will be spent preparing to move to a much more competitive circuit, the National Arena League and that means recruiting, fine-tuning, and growing as a professional organization. “It was a process as far as the in-game entertainment, but thanks to ‘Coach Res’ brought it all together. He talks about building the organization, and he knows now he’ll have to add people because of the move to the NAL,” Porter reported. “We’ll need to expand every department, and there will be growing pains, but we have the leadership and that’s most of the battle. “The on-field talent is something we’ll be working on every day because you never know when you’ll have the opportunity to see a special player. I know we’re talking to some of the players from Georgia,” he added. “Our league this year did have some competitive teams in it, but the Miners were very talented and we hope to bring back a lot of our players so we can continue to be successful for the city of Wheeling and our fans.” Read the full article