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U.S. Geological Survey: High-Grade Clays of the Eastern United States, 1922

Page 94: About 300 feet eastward from this shaft a pit 10 to 12 feet deep shows cream-colored clay, and 50 feet northeast of this pit there is another, said to be 30 feet deep, that has about 14 feet of clay. Still another pit, about 50 feet northeast of the one last mentioned, shows reddish clay. Near this pit is an old drift from which clay was mined a good many years ago. These deposits are arranged roughly in a line which is approximately parallel to the strike of the inclosing beds. Page 185: There are two wells and a shaft about 150 yards apart in a line, a boring 50 feet deep about 50 feet south of the shaft, which is west of the wells, and an exposure 100 yards south of the boring. The well to the east shows 40 feet of overburden and 3 feet of clay. A boring in its bottom passes through 30 feet of clay. The next opening to the west passes through 27 feet of overburden and 2 feet of clay, and a boring penetrates the clay for a further distance of 18 feet. The shaft, which is on lower ground, exposes 6 feet of overburden and 6 feet of clay, and has been stopped in clay. The boring shows 10 feet of overburden and more than 6 feet of clay. The overburden is sand or sand and clay interlaced. The clay bed ranges in thickness from 6 to 30 feet, and under it is quicksand. Page 228: The section in the pit shows a maximum of 18 feet of clay overlain by 4 to 5 feet of loamy overburden and underlain by sand. Scattered nodules of pyrite are found in the lower part of the clay. Page 243: The most southern of several pits, known as No. 15, shows a maximum of 20 feet of clay, covered by 4 feet of gravelly loam. The clay extends at least 20 feet below the bottom of the pit. Page 264: The first pit covers several acres and shows about 40 feet of overburden under which there is from 5 to 12 feet of clay. … The three grades of ball clay which are dug, are known as No. 9, a dark-gray clay, chiefly from the lower part of the bed; No. 10, a light grayish-white clay; and No. 11, a pink and brown clay.

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William C. Alden, The Quaternary Geology of Southeastern Wisconsin, 1918

Page 178: Dane County. Middleton Township …. sec. 2, SW. 1/4. W.J. Schneider, a well driller, states that a well drilled for John Schraeder on the flat north of Middleton penetrated 1 foot of peat beneath 100 feet of sand and above 125 feet of clay. Whether the clay is of pre-Wisconsin age or not the writer is unable to state, but he is inclined to think it is and that the 100 feet of sand overlying the peat bed represents deposition during both the advance and recession of the front of the Wisconsin ice. During the latter stage, at least, the basin was occupied by a glacial lake held in front of the retreating margin of the ice. …… Dunkirk Township … sec. 28, NW. 1/4. Mr. Downer’s well is said to have encountered rotten wood at a depth of 200 feet, beneath 50 feet of clay and sand and 150 feet of blue clay, and above 50 feet of sand and gravel. …… Rock County. …. Johnstown Township … Leverett collected the following data concerning buried vegetal deposits in the vicinity of Johnstown: “Mr. J.A. Fellows dug a well about 1874 in sec .21, Johnstown Township, on the edge of the terminal moraine, at a point about 40 feet above the outwash terrace. The well penetrated 40 feet of clay and gravel. At the depth was found a shiny, brown substance resembling coal in everything except color. In this were what looked like blades of grass. Below this was a bad-smelling, dark-colored material, in which were knotted roots and bits of wood an inch in diameter and several inches long. Below the muck gravel extended to the rock, which was encountered at a depth of 50 feet. Water from this well was at first so foul that horses would not drink it.” …… Page 179: Walworth County. Richmond Township, … sec. 18, NE. 1/4. A well drilled on the south slope of the terminal moraine a mile west of the village of Richmond by Mr. Thorne, of Whitewater, is reported to have penetrated 2 feet of black soil just above the limestone and beneath 230 feet of clay and gravel. Page 179: Washington County. Jackson Township … sec. 6, SW. 1/4. August Schad, who is himself a driller, states that when he drilled the well at his place, between 4 and 5 miles south of West Bend, he encountered, below 200 feet of clay and 50 feet of quicksand, 5 or 6 feet of black peat or turf and beneath this 110 feet more of sand. The water from this bed of vegetal material was quite black. ……. Sheboygan County. Holland Township …. George Shaver, a well driller living near Hingham, reported to the writer that he had found black muck 2 to 3 feet thick or less beneath about 60 feet of clay and above sand in several wells northwest of Cedar Grove. D. Dunn stated that in drilling his well in NE 1/4 sec. 7, about 2 miles southeast of Hingham, black muck and leaves were encountered at a depth of about 100 feet. Black muck is also said to have been penetrated below 62 feet of red till in a well in SE 1/4 sec. 23. Page 234: South of Lake Geneva numerous exposures show gravel below the subsoil, but the bulky ridge appears from well records to be principally of clay till. At Silas Ingalls’s place, near the highest part of the crest, a well was drilled to a depth of 329 feet, of which 311 feet was said to be solid clay, without reaching rock. J.C. Green, of Beloit, informed the writer that a well which he drilled at the Harvard Camp, about 75 feet above the lake, penetrated 160 feet of solid blue clay and 80 feet of soft sticky material, probably “Cincinnati” shale. At G.C. Walker’s, near the east end of the lake, a well penetrated 163 feet of clay and 17 feet of sand and gravel. Page 266: A well one black west of that at the post office encountered wood beneath 52 feet of sand and above 80 feet of drift. The well at the American House penetrated 60 feet of san and 60 feet of underlying blue clay, probably glacial till. It is not known that all the sand was deposited in the lake; some of it may have been deposited in connection with the advance of the ice. Some of the wells penetrate 40 feet or so of clay, which may be lacustrine silt, above a thick deposit of sand. The peat penetrated by Mr. Schroeder’s well may indicate an interval of exposure and vegetal growth which was pre-Wisconsin, so the 125 feet of clay underlying the peat may be a remnant of an earlier filling. The wood encountered in other wells may be evidence of similar conditions, or may have been brought with the drift and not have grown where it was found. Page 280: Red clay is exposed at several places in the low tract west of the moraine of the Lake Mills system in Tps. 14 and 15 N., R. 8 E. (Douglas and Oxford townships). One of the best exposures is near Neenah Creek, about a mile northeast of Briggsville, where, beneath the sandy soil, the writer observed 16 feet of laminated calcarious red clay. Several wells on this low tract as far north as Oxford are reported to penetrate 75 to 100 feet of red clay overlying sand. From the basin in Westfield thicknesses of 70 to 130 feet are reported. In places, especially near the foot of the morainal ridge, the clay is overlain by considerable sand; and at several places about the margins of the elongated basin west of the moraine in T. 17 N., R. 8 E. (Springfield Township), similar red clay is exposed. A.F. Miller’s well, about 1 1/2 miles north of Westfield, on the lower western part of the moraine, is said to have penetrated nearly 130 feet of clay beneath 30 feet of sand.

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Arthur Coe Spencer, The Atlantic Gold District and the North Laramie Mountains, 1916

Page 55: Cloverly sandstone. — The prominent sandstone series overlying the Morrison is for the present known as the Cloverly sandstone, but it may here include beds having a greater range of age than in the type locality. It constitutes a large part of the Haystack Range, and its outcrop extends as a hogback ridge along the south side of the Deer Creek valley to the fault south of Glenrock. It appears again in the numerous ridges south of Douglas and also in a small area south of Inez. The thickness of the Cloverly beds ranges from 90 to 140 feet. The rock is mainly gray massive sandstone in two members, separated by 20 to 40 feet of clay or shale of buff to maroon color similar to the Fuson formation of the Black Hills. The basal portion is conglomeratic at most places. The upper sandstone is thin bedded and rusty in color. South of Douglas there are three sandstone members. Page 150: Rocks of the lower part of the Lance formation crop out along Thunder Butte Creek, in the southwest corner, and are overlain with apparent conformity by the sandy Ludlow lignitic member of the Lance formation, which occupies the surface of nearly all the remainder of the area. The maximum thickness (200 feet) of the Ludlow in this township is represented in the northeastern part. The five prominent buttes are formed by about 45 feet of clay and sandstone of the White River formation from which fossils of Oligocene age were obtained. Page 151: A considerable area in the valley of the South Fork of Grand River is occupied by the shale of the lower part of the Lance formation, but the rest of the township is covered by rocks of the Ludlow lignitic member of the Lance, with the exception of a small prominent butte in sec. 34, which is capped by 45 feet of clay of the White River formation. The rocks dip gently to the north.

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Hunley Abbott, Concrete Pile Standards, 1915

In sinking cylinders for the Chittrivatri bridge, the frictional resistance was 232 to 377 lbs. per share foot, though 33 feet of sand, 10 feet of clay, and 7 feet of clay and sand, clay and boulders through 33 feet of sand, 10 feet of clay and 33 feet of sand and clay, the frictional resistance was 293-362 lbs. per square foot.

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Walter Harvey Weed, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Butte District Montana, 1912

Page 142: The Mountain View fault vein appears to be cut and displaced by the Blue Jay fault vein, a feature analogous to the displacement of the Blue vein by the Steward fault vein. In the Mountain View mine the vein has been extensively developed on the 200-foot level, where it shows 6 to 18 feet of clay with hard granite walls and well-marked slickensides. to the southwest the granite alongside is crushed; to the northeast it is hard. The foot-wall streak is a solid band 3 to 5 feet wide of hard quartz-pyrite ore, with a southerly dip of 77° S. On the level below the character is similar, but the clay and fault matter is 5 feet thick. On the fifth (500 foot) level the vein is 7 feet wide and shows a foot-wall band 2 feet thick of crushed granite and clay containing pebbles 2 to 4 inches in diameter, then a 15-inch band of solid pyrite and bornite ore with crushed granite and ore above it. The cut-off ends of the veins seen along the fault resemble spur veins. Farther east the vein narrows to 5 feet with 2 feet of pyritic ore in the foot wall and a course of N. 40° W. Page 217: The Combination vein, worked by the Reins Copper Co., in the claims lying directly east of the Leonard and Minnie Healy mines, had been developed to a depth of 800 feet in 1904. It is a fault fissure, showing 7 to 8 feet of clay and crushed vein matter, with an 8-inch streak of high-grade ore, consisting of balance and bornite, with an abundance of native silver in curly wires and mossy masses, lying in fractures and in nests in the crackled copper sulphide. In general, the ore of the vein carries secondary bornite and glance, with more or less zinc blend, but the streak of rich ore just noted, which lies along the hanging wall, also has curly crusts of Chalcopyrite, which in this connection are regarded as accompaniments of the silver-bearing solutions. The vein also holds much curly quartz, with crushed and recommended vein matter, the quartz of the latter type carrying specks and stringers of copper glance and a little pyrite. The vein filling hows the best example seen in the district of the replacement of crystalline pyrite by bornite. The pyrite occurs as tiny cubes and crystalline aggregates lying in a matrix of yellow clay and shows the various stages of replacement from the underlying pyrite to the solid bornite. Page 255: This ore carries from 1 to 20 ounces in silver, with only traces of copper and gold, showing a progressive decrease in silver values downward. The walls are well defined, with clay selvages, but show no evidence of movement, the clay gouge being without pebbles or crushed granite and being probably due mainly to alteration. … The wall rock is but slightly mineralized for a few inches, being mainly hard, fresh granite, much of which shows veinlets of pink manganese. On the third level 6 feet of clay is seen on the foot wall. On the second level the vein has been developed by drifting for a distance of about 400 feet, but has not been stopped, as the values were low. On the third level the rather irregular workings are mainly without the vein.

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MacArthur Concrete Pile and Foundation Co., The Pedestal Pile, 1910

In sinking cylinders for the Chittrivari bridge, the frictional resistance was 232 to 377 lbs. per square foot, though 33 feet of sand, 10 feet of clay, and 7 feet of clay and sand clay and boulders. Through 33 feet of sand, 10 feet of clay and 33 feet sand and clay, the frictional resistance was 293-362 lbs. per square foot.

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The Mercury Minerals from Terlingua Texas, 1909

Page 152: The water sands above zone A vary in thickness from 15 to 50 feet and yield highly mineralized water, often with salt and sulphur; the sand between zones A and B lies 10 feet or more below the lowest bed in zone A and is 4 or more feet in thickness; the water sand below zone B is separated from it by 5 to 30 feet of clay or shale, is 30 feet more or less in thickness, and yields salt water, as much as 700 or 800 barrels per day, it is said, coming from it in one well in the northern part of sec. 26. Page 181: The lowest oil or tar sand in zone A is usually separated from zone B by about 40 to 60 feet of clay or shale, although in some wells, especially the shallower ones, tar sand or dry oil sand is reported as immediately overlying the productive zone. ……. The lowest water sand in the beds above zone A is usually separated from zone A by 40 to 60 feet of clay, although in many of the wells no water is reported below the first water wand, which may be several hundred feet above zone A. Page 187: Near the northeast corner of sec. 13 two sands, separated by 80 feet of clay, occur in the wells. The upper sand is about 20 feet thick, is medium-grained, and carries gas and oil in commercial quantities; the lower sand is thinner and yields heavy oil and tar. Page 188: The zone of the water sands usually beings at about 120 feet below the surface, and from six to eight layers or lenses are encountered down to the top of zone A, from which the lowest water sand is separated by 15 to 60 feet of clay. The upper part of zone A also contains water in a few of the wells. The water sands are each from 5 to 40 feet thick and very in composition from coarse sand to gravel carrying cobbles. The water is highly mineralized, much of it containing appreciable quantities of sulphur.

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Ralph W. Stone, Coal Resources of the Russell Fork Basin in Kentucky and Virginia, 1908

In Cane Gap an opening driven 30 feet S. 10° W. up the rise shows the Tiller coal 15 feet 4 inches thick (5), according to a measurement by Mr. Hardaway. The bottom part of this, 4 feet 10 inches thick, is fine solid coal and the remaining 10 feet contains 4 feet of clay and shale. In the first hollow south of Cane Gap and jut over the ridge from Sutherland’s there is an opening close to Elijah Rasnick’s house which, according to Mr. Hardaway, is driven 50 feet S. 70° E. and shows a bed 6 feet 2 inches thick (6) similar to the lower part of the bed at Cane Gap. The upper part of the bed is concealed. Directly over the ridge from Rasnick’s on Caney Fork drainage a drift was once run 20 feet S. 25 ° E., but is caved now. Only 6 feet 1 inch of the lower part of the bed was exposed (7), of which 18 inches is curly and flaky.

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Report: An Ecological Survey in Northern Michigan, 1906

Page 163: At the shaft of Wolverine Mine No. 1, there is 72 feet of clay drift. Without 80 rods to the south, this buried channel is filled with over 178 feet of alternating deposits of clay, hardpan, quicksand and gravel, the rock not being struck. Page 333: In these two records the upper half is clay, probably of Wisconsin age. In the southeast part of the same section we have 65 feet of clay and 45 feet of sand down to a depth of 110 feet. ….. In the S.W. 1/4 of section 33, one mile east, there is 148 feet of drift, the top eight feet being sand underlain by 47 feet of clay; the balance is sand. Near the south quarter post of section 26, Garfield, there is about 135 feet of drift. …… In the N.W. 1/4 of section 2, Beaver, we have 135 feet of clay and 27 feet of sand; in the N.E. 1/4 of section 3 there is 116 feet of clay and 69 feet of sand; both drill holes entered the rock. …… East of the Beaver washout, and in the eastern part of the same township, there is near the west quarter post of section 23 eight feet of lacustrine sand deposits at the surface, underlain by 37 feet of clay and 123 feet of sand, rock being struck at 168 feet. This is 59 feet less than two miles to the westward. Page 335: The border of the Beaver washout in the northwestern part of Williams township is based altogether on comparative data. In the N.W. 1/4 of section 33, Beaver, there is over 225 feet of drift. In the S.E. 1/4 of section 17, Williams, we have 65 feet of clay and 22 feet of sandy clay above the bed rock, showing a decrease of over 138 feet in the amount of drift within four miles. In the Auburn washout it is 220 feet to rock at the village of Auburn. In the S. 1/2 of the S.E. 1/4 of section 13, Williams, we have 65 feet of clay and over 141 feet of sand, somewhat above the point of juncture of the tributary valley, mentioned as coming in from the northwestern part of Monitor township. ……. Within a few rods to the north, in the same quarter section, we have 90 feet of clay above the rock. Near the east line of the same quarter section there is 65 feet of clay and 34 feet of sand. I believe that this washout heads in hear here. Thence east near the divide between this washout and the Amelith washout, which runs south near the line of sections 23 and 24, we have on this divide in the S.W. 1/4 of section 22 only 73 feet of clay drift increasing to 95 feet of clay and 5 feet of sand in the N.W. 1/4 of section 22 and 115 feet of drift in the S.E. 1/4 of the same quarter section. …… Going west, in the S.W. 1/4 of this section, the drift decreases in depth from 138 feet to 113 feet near the west lien of the section, with from 59 to 65 feet of clay drift on top. Page 336: In the west part of the section, the drift formation is from 95 to 110 feet thick in three holes; in one we have 100 feet of clay down to the rock, the other two have from 45 to 60 feet of sand and gravel beds below the clay. …. In this area there is from 73 to 79 feet of clay drift down to the rock. …… Near where the Auburn tributary washout is supposed to start in section 5, there is 110 feet of drift, the upper 82 feet being clay. In the S.W. 1/4 of section 6 we have 80 feet of clay and 8 feet of sand. Page 337: On the bedrock divide running northeast from near the southeast quarter of section 17, Williams, we have in this last place 87 feet of clay drift down to the rock. ….. Near the southeast corner of section 4 at the Hardy place, there is 71 feet of clay and hardpan, 20 feet of find sand, then 2.5 feet of gravel probably resting on the rock. …… In the northeast quarter of section 34, Williams, we have a drilled well 143 feet deep, and 80 feet of clay on top. Thence east in section 30 of Monitor, we have on the farm of John Zill 57 feet of clay, 60 feet of sand, then gavel probably underlain by rock. Page 342: This was underlain by 80 feet of clay. Another similar deposit was found at the Corbin school in West Bay City, at a depth of 30 feet, and underlain by 50 feet of clay. Unfortunately we have not been able to obtain any of the specimens of shells in either locality. Page 401: There is at Auburn, beginning at the top, 80 feet of clay, 138 feet of sand, and 2 feet of gravel above the rock (which is a sham of the Coal Measures). the gravel is water-bearing, but the overlying sand acts as a sponge, though which the water circulates without collecting in sufficient quantities to furnish a stable water supply. Page 413: Section 35. In the S.W. 1/4 of the S.W. 1/4. A.T. Holcomb. Through 75 feet of clay and 25 feet or hardpan; 8 feet of sand; water within 5 feet of surface. Page 415: Section 4. ….. Lemieux, H. In the S.E. 1/4 of the S.E. 1/4. Drilled well 72 feet to rock though 66 feet of clay and 6 feet of sand, water 6 feet from top. Page 418: Section 8. ….. Period. Drilled well 110 feet deep, 75 feet of clay, 33 feet of sand, then 2 feet of gravel probably above rock; water in gravel, hard and fresh. Page 419: Section 25. At the Air Shaft of the Central Mine (Knappe). Seventy feet of clay, then 18 inches of hardpan, then into sand, gravel and boulders. One boulder 4.5 feet long, 2.5 feet wide, 22 inches thick, then bedrock. Page 420: Section 28. Wilcox. Drilled well 197 feet, 65 feet of clay on the top, 96 feet to bedrock, 14 inches of coal at 136 to 140 feet; water 45 feet fro the top having dropped 9 feet since the well was drilled; water cathartic. About 60-70 rods away plenty of fresh water at 10 feet; fresh. ….. Section 30. J. Zill. Drilled well 117 feet deep, 57 feet of clay, 60 feet of sand, then gravel; never dry; water 12 feet from the top, fresh. …… Section 33. Leinberger. Drilled well 82 feet deep, sand and gravel at the bottom with water; never dry; water used to come 4 feet from the top, low now. About one-half of a mile northeast of the southwestern corner. Fifty feet of clay, quicksand for 40 feet, then rock. In the southwestern part. Eighty feet of clay and no sand; water at about 80 feet. Section 35. Denise. Drilled well 175 feet deep, about 80 feet of clay, 40 to 50 feet of sand; no rock; water 6 feet from the top.

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U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 1906

Page 126: At the head of Harter Branch there are two openings on the Julia Miracle place. At one of these (555) the coal shows 42 inches of coal without partings. The facing had not reached solid roof. Below the coal is 4 feet of dark to light drab clay, with 4 inches of coal below that. About 50 feet above the coal comes the bottom of about 50 feet of light-brown shale, well exposed, suggesting that this coal is probably close to the cliff-making sandstone, which must come in the 50-foot interval just above it, and so indicating that this is the Upper Hance coal. At the other opening on this farm (556) the main bench is 44 inches thick, the 4-inch coal at the preceding opening is here 5 inches, while the 4 feet of clay at that penguin is here only 8 inches. The roof is born clay shale 7+ feet thick. AT the “Low Gap of Pitmans” at the head of Pitmas Creek the two Hance coals are both seen about 25 feet apart. The lower coal is about 10 feet above the level of the gap (557), and by levels reported 58 feet below the last-mentioned Julia Miracle coal. If, as supposed, the latter is the upper coal, this gives a dip of about 25 feet between these points. The lower coal here is 4 feet 5 inches thick with 1 inch of soft coal in the center. Over the coal is 2 to 3 feet of brown clay shale overlain uncomformably by 2 feet of sandstone. Below the coal is clay showing a streak of coal 1 foot down. The upper coal, 25 feet above, was only partly opened. Page 165: The coal shows a thickness of 4 feet without partings; the roof is composed of 10 feet of clay shale overlain by massive sandstone. Below the coal are from 8 to 18 inches of clay and sandstone, indicating that the lower bench on the south side of Clover Fork is entirely wanting here. …… There are here 2 feet of clay shale between the coal and the shaly massive sandstone above. To openings have been made on Ages Creek. At the Lloyd Ball opening (1197) 42 inches of coal were seen, over 8 inches of fire clay, and 15 feet of shale. At the John Grill place, on the left-hand fork (1198), the seam showed 45 inches of coal over 7 inches of badly weathered splint coal; 3 feet of shale come above the coal, and 8 inches of clay come between the coal and the sandstone floor. Page 166: The coal at the Kelly, Baker and Cornett, and Green Jones openings has already been described. Passing up Martins Fork it is exposed at the Skidmore opening (1160). The coal here measures from 3 feet 4 inches to 3 feet 8 inches, and is overlain by 20 feet of lamented to massive sandstone. Below is 1 foot of shale. It is reported that there are 18 inches of coal below that. On Farmers Branch of Martins Fork this coal has been mined on the W.C. Farmer place (1142). The coal here measures 4 feet 10 1/2 inches, with 1 foot 6 inches of coal reported 1 foot below the main bench; below the coal are 2 1/2 feet of clay shale with 20± feet of shaky laminated sandstone above. The coal here has an actual elevation of 1,586 feet above tide. On Osborn Branch the coal has been opened upon the D.S. Farmer place (1139). As well as could be measured here, it is 4 feet 5 inches thick. There is 9 inches of shale here between the coal and the sandstone above. On Turtle Creek (1133) this coal has been opened on the Stephen Osburn place on the left-hand fork. There is 3 feet 8 inches of solid coal with a solid sandstone roof. Twelve feet below an 18-inch bench of coal is reported.

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Alexander Henry Green, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 1864

In the country about Sanford the beds marked ‘d’ become white and yellow sand (16 or more feet thick) with irregular lamine of calcareous sandstone, more or less blue in the center, called plank. This is sometimes covered by six feet of clay.

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Horace Grant, Elements of Practical Geometry, 1852

Digging. 28 cubic feet of sand, or 18 cubic feet of earth, or 17 cubic feet of clay = 1 ton; 1 yard cube of earth = 18 heaped bushels before digging, and 27 when dug = 1 load.

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Edward George Bulwer Lytton, Ernest Maltravers, 1842

“Go more into the world, Maltravers — to more into the world, or quit it altogether. Your enemies must be met; they accumulate, they grow strong — you are too tranquil, too slow in your steps towards the prize which should be yours, to satisfy my impatience, to satisfy your friends. Be less refined in your ambition, that you may be more immediately useful. The feet of clay, after all, are the swiftest in the race. Even Lumley Ferrers will outstrip you if you do not take heed.

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The Baptist Magazine, 1841

It is exceedingly difficult to decipher some characters. There is so much to admire, and so much to reprobate; so much to reverence, and so much to lament; so much wisdom and so much prejudice, that their image seems almost as the antitype of that in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, of which the head was of find gold and the feet of clay. Such was not the character of our departed friend. There was nothing dubious or equivocal in his religion. It was decided, influential, and eminent. Though not of the first magnitude, he was emphatically a light in the world, and he shone with unsullied brightness through an oft-obstructed and protracted course.

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Newton’s London Journal of Arts and Sciences, 1840

At the bottom of the curbs, just in the blue clay, a cast-iron footing was added, and a brick shaft of 12 feet 6 inches diameter carried up to the surface of the ground. The excavation was continued for 59 feet through the clay, stained with 9-inch brick work in cement, iron rings were placed at every 8 feet of the brickwork, and of a greater diameter than the shaft, and projecting into the clay a few inches so as to support the shaft in its progress; the brickwork was continued through 57 feet only, leaving 2 feet of clay for a foundation.

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Carl Von Rotteck, General History of the World v1, 1840

This period is commenced with a great revolution; the first world-embracing empire now originates, and extends its power over vast countries of three portions of the earth. The great king of Persia ruled from the Indus and Oxus over all Central and Eastern Asia, and on this side of the Strait, as far as the lofty Olympus, and in Africa, as far as the Libyan desert. One victory had given Cyrus, the Median, another, the Lydian, a third the Babylonian kingdom. Persia had no longer any rival. Every nation which she had subdued, increased the means of extending her conquests. Proud Egypt fell; Thrace and Macedonia swore allegiance; India trembled. But Scythia, protected by its poverty and wilds, bid defiance to this formidable empire, and the little country of Greece, humbled, shook, and undermined it. Oriental despotism with its sad attendants, the regency of the seraglio and of the satraps, had made it a colossus with feet of clay. This immense, ill-connected state, incessantly distracted by insurrection in its provinces, and contention in the royal family, without any conservative principle except fear, generally as odious to its own people as to foreigners, was doomed to fall by slow, internal dissolution, or at once by an energetic attack of an outward foe. Fate decreed the latter. The Macedonian hero Alexander destroyed suddenly this tottering kingdom.

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The Dublin Review: Ozaman’s English Chancellors, 1837

To render justice to the past is our only aim, and we are sure that M. Ozanam, the able author of the book before us, had no other motive for his labors. We gave in a former number a short account of ‘Les Deux Chanceliers.’ The parallel between the “ages of faith’ and the era of modern innovation, is here traced out through an exact and judicious contrast between Bacon, the first of the sages of the earth, and St. Thomas à Becket. Appreciating, as much as his warmest admirer could have wished, the philosophical excellence of Bacon, the author exposes how irreconcilable is the life of the man with the maxims of the philosopher; and thence takes occasion to show, that the broken harmony of the soul demands something more to reestablish the concert of the will with the understanding, than the wised of the loftiest intelligences that ever have walked on earth. “Their doctrines have brought back the understanding into the better ways, they have formed it to high and vast speculations; they have enlarged, strengthened, it, with all the logical power which is within them; but within them, there is not a power of love, and that is the only one which the will can obey. Hence the will escapes them; she abides in the abysses of corruption, whether she had sunk: she abides there, given up to those sorceresses who intoxicate her with disgraceful enjoyments and painful pleasures, and who are so well called passions. Thus that fatal diverse which is beheld within all souls reappears, more notorious, more melancholy, than ever, within the soul of the philosopher; there are in him two lives, that of the head, and that of the heart; it is the statute of gold with the feet of clay; it is a divided man, that is to say, a helpless one.” — p. 250.